Diabetes/homeostatic disfunction Term 1

Question 2

Define Homeostatic disfunction/imbalance

Answer 2

an inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment

Question 3

Define type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

(insulin dependent diabetes)-Begins in childhood=juvenile diabetes
An autoimmune disorder causing the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. This leads to a lack of insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar levels (decreases glucose)

Question 4

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Answer 4

Revealed quicker than type 2
Increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, fatigue blurred vision, and slow healing of cuts and bruises
long term: kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, amputations, blindness, nerve damage

Question 5

Treatments for type 1 diabetes

Answer 5

genetically engineered human Insulin therapy via injection (that don’t cure but fulfil insulins role in body) or pumps

Question 6

How are type 1 diabetes treatments user friendly

Answer 6

-easy to use, portable insulin pens and pumps with intuitive interfaces that measure the correct insulin doses

Question 7

Treatment risks for type 1 diabetes

Answer 7

-insulin therapy: injects too much insulin blood glucose level can fall low enough to cause hypoglycemia.
-reactions and allergies from animal insulin (redness swelling)

Question 8

Ethical issues of both types of diabetes treatments

Answer 8

cost: expensive therefore limited access to material that is necessary for life $7000 to $10,000 to purchase outright
animal cruelty: animal sourced insulin from pancreas of animals used to be obtained to harvest insulin
access to treatment: harder to access to lower/middle class countries

Question 9

Define type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

A chronic condition that affects the way your body processes glucose (sugar) in the blood. Most common form of diabetes and occurs when your body resists/does not respond to insulin being produced or is not able to produce enough insulin to regulate glucose levels.

Question 10

What causes type 2 diabetes

Answer 10

Caused by lack of exercise/unhealthy lifestyle (overweight, no activity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking)

Question 11

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

Increased thirst.
Frequent urination.
Increased hunger.
Unintended weight loss.
Fatigue.
Blurred vision.
Slow-healing sores.
Frequent infections.

Undiagnosed:
* heart disease
* stroke
* kidney disease
* eye problems
* nerve damage
* skin/foot problems

Question 12

Treatments for type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

• Lifestyle changes: balanced diet, exercise,
  and weight management.
• Oral medications: metformin,
  sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones.
• Insulin therapy
• Bariatric surgery (for severe cases)

Question 13

How is treatment for type 2 diabetes user friendly

Answer 13

Non-invasive treatment options such as oral medications or lifestyle changes

Mobile apps for tracking and monitoring of blood sugar levels, food intake, and physical activity

Question 14

Risks of type 2 diabetes treatments

Answer 14

Medications: side effects like low blood sugar, vitamin B12 deficiency due to metformin
Lifestyle changes: may feel fatigued or tired, over worked muscle can cause tears or strains in some cases
Insulin therapy: hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), weight gain, and an increased risk of heart disease

Question 15

Ethical concerns of type 2 diabetes treatments

Answer 15

Access to treatment: unequal access to diabetes treatment due to socio-economic status and limited availability in certain areas.
Cost of treatment: high cost of diabetes medication and supplies, which can lead to patients rationing their insulin doses.

Question 16

Define hyperthyroidism

Answer 16

a medical condition where thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, cells overstimulated, leading to an increased metabolism and an overactive metabolic rate.

Question 17

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 17

• Rapid heartbeat
• Weight loss
• Increased appetite
• Fatigue
• Anxiety
• Sweating
• If graves disease, protruding eyeballs (exophthalmia)

Question 18

Treatments for hyperthyroidism

Answer 18

• anti-thyroid medication orally (Methimazole)
• Drink containing radioactive iodine to destroy overactive thyroid gland cells.
• Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.
• Thyroid hormone replacement therapy to replace thyroid hormones if gland is removed.

Question 19

How is treatment for hyperthyroidism user friendly

Answer 19

• Convenient dosing regimens and administration methods (e.g. once daily oral medication)
• Minimally invasive options, such as oral medications or radioactive iodine therapy

Question 20

Risks of hyperthyroidism treatments

Answer 20

• Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) from treatment with antithyroid medication or radioactive iodine when cells in thyroid gland are destroyed
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea from antithyroid medication

Question 21

Ethical concerns of hyperthyroidism treatments

Answer 21

• Cost - treatments for hyperthyroidism can be expensive and may not be accessible for all patients.
• Reproductive rights - treatments such as radioactive iodine may impact a patient’s ability to have children and this should be taken into consideration

Question 22

Define hypothyroidism

Answer 22

a medical condition where the thyroid gland, located in the neck, fails to produce enough thyroxine to regulate the body’s metabolism. The thyroid hormone is responsible for regulating various metabolic processes such as heart rate, temperature regulation, and energy production.

Question 23

What causes hypothyroidism

Answer 23

Lack of iodine preventing hormone production, attack on thyroid by immune system (Hashimoto’s disease), or surgery to remove thyroid resulting in lacking thyroxine

Question 24

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 24

• Slow heart rate
• Fatigue
• Weight gain unexplained
• Intolerance to cold
• Swelling in face/neck
• Goitre (enlargement of thyroid)

Question 25

Treatments for hypothyroidism

Answer 25

• hormone replacement therapy: daily doses of a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine e.g. levothyroxine taken orally to bring the levels of the thyroid hormone in the body back to normal (Must be closely monitored as too much=hyperthyroidism and too little=no relieve of symptoms)
• Including extra iodine in diet if cause of hypothyroidism is lacking iodine

Question 26

How is treatment for hypothyroidism user friendly

Answer 26

• Available as oral and injectable forms is the thyroxine replacement Levothyroxine which is safe and effective (also called oroxine, eutroxsig/eltroxin)
• simple and easy to use in pill form (doses already6 measured)

Question 27

Causes of hyperthyroidism

Answer 27

Caused by overactive thyroid nodules, Grave’s disease (enlargement of thyroid), and thyroiditis

Question 28

Ethical concerns of hypothyroidism

Answer 28

patients used to be treated by tablets made from dried/powdered thyroid glands of animals that contained traces of other hormones (not as safe)