Neurons, Glia, CNS Histology

Question 1

Neural Cell Differentiation

Answer 1

growth and transcription factors that up regulate expression of pro-neural genes

Question 2

Lateral Inhibition

Answer 2

progenitor cell differentiates into neurons

cell produces proteins that inhibit pro-neural gene expression in adjacent cells

Question 3

Notch

Answer 3

transmembrane protein

inhibits expression of pro-neural gene

Question 4

Multipolar

Answer 4

multiple dendrites, one axon

motor

Question 5

Pseudounipolar

Answer 5

one axon with common stem and 2 sending branches

sensory

Question 6

Bipolar

Answer 6

one dendrite, one axon

specialized, senses

Question 7

Chemoreceptors

Answer 7

taste and olfactory

Question 8

Photoreceptors

Answer 8

rods and cones in retina

Question 9

Transduction

Answer 9

converting sensory input into a form interpretable by the nervous system

Question 10

Motor Neurons

Answer 10

end in terminal arbors

effect skeletal muscles

Question 11

Five steps of Transmission

Answer 11

Synthesis
Storage
Transport
Release
Reuptake/ destruction

Question 12

Soma

Answer 12

site of transcription and translation

produce substances transported to dendrites, axons, axon terminals

Question 13

Microtubules

Answer 13

transport neurotransmitters down axon

Question 14

Kinesins

Answer 14

anterograde transport

use ATP

Question 15

Fast Anterograde Transport

Answer 15

carries synaptic vesicles, membrane proteins, neurotransmitters, mitochondria

Question 16

Slow Anterograde Transport

Answer 16

carries cytosolic proteins

Question 17

Dyneins

Answer 17

Retrograde transport
allows neuron to respond to growth factors
viruses and toxins

Question 18

Column

Answer 18

vertical group of neurons

spinal cord

Question 19

Lamina and Stratum

Answer 19

thin and thick layers

horizontal layer of neurons

Question 20

Fasciculus and Lemniscus Tracts

Answer 20

bundle of parallel neurons in CNS

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

in CNS

Question 22

Ganglion

Answer 22

in PNS

Question 23

Astrocytes

Answer 23

support neurons, isolate CNS from other tissue, scar formation
star appearance

Question 24

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 24

provide myelin sheaths neurons in CNS

Question 25

Microglia

Answer 25

immune and inflammatory functions | macrophages of CNS

Question 26

Ependimal Cells

Answer 26

neuroepithelium

Question 27

Protoplasmic Astrocyte

Answer 27

in gray matter

Question 28

Fibrous Astrocyte

Answer 28

in white matter

Question 29

How astrocytes provide support to neurons

Answer 29

maintain pH, lower extracellular K Secrete growth factors and cytokines- IL-1 remove glutamate from synapses help neuronal metabolism

Question 30

Injury to CNS

Answer 30

form astrocyte scar from proliferation of astrocytes

Question 31

End Feet

Answer 31

end of astrocytes that join to insulate CNS from other tissues- Glia limitans

Question 32

Neurovascular Unit

Answer 32

all parts of BBB | Pericytes, astrocytes, perivascular macrophages

Question 33

Rabies

Answer 33

CNS | travels to salivary glands by anterograde transport

Question 34

Tetanus

Answer 34

Clostridium tetani toxin | retrograde transport from site of infection

Question 35

Varicella zoster | shingles

Answer 35

lies dormant in sensory ganglia and can reactivate

Question 36

Herpes simplex

Answer 36

lies dormant in sensory ganglia and can reactivate | can cause encephalitis

Question 37

Astrocytoma

Answer 37

70% of neuroglial tumors from astrocytes normally in frontal lobe in adults

Question 38

Meningioma

Answer 38

most common benign brain tumor from meningothelial cells in arachnoid membrane common cause of focal seizures

Question 39

Medullablastoma

Answer 39

small cell tumor arising from embryonal neural cells- mostly in kids

Question 40

Ependymoma

Answer 40

from ependymal cells

Question 41

Oligodendroglioma

Answer 41

from oligodendrocytes | frontal lobe calcification

Question 42

CNS Lymphoma

Answer 42

most are high grade B cell non Hodgkin lymphomas | occur in AIDS

Question 43

Metastases

Answer 43

most common brain malignancy | lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI, prostate