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Nervous System: Unit I > Neurons, Glia, & Brain Tissue > Flashcards

Neurons, Glia, & Brain Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus: grey vs. white matter?

A

grey

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2
Q

Lemniscus: grey vs. white matter?

A

white

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3
Q

Ganglions: grey vs. white matter?

A

grey

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4
Q

Funiculus: grey vs. white matter?

A

white

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5
Q

Fasciculus: grey vs. white matter?

A

white

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6
Q

Tract: grey vs. white matter?

A

white

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7
Q

Peduncle, cortex, body: grey vs. white matter?

A
  • peduncle = white
  • body = grey
  • cortex = grey
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8
Q

Astrocyte physical characteristics

A
  • resemble small stars
  • large cells w/numerous processes extending between neuronal processes/@ synapses
  • “end-feet” envelop all CNS vessels
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9
Q

Astrocyte functions

A
  • Maintain ionic equilibrium: taking up K+ out of ECF
  • Helps recycle neurotransmitters @ synaptic clefts
    • Takes up GABA and glutamate
    • converts glutamate to glutamine ==> axon terminals
  • Envelop CNS blood vessels:
    • tranport nutrients from blood vessels to nearby neurons
    • help regulate blood floow
  • Aid w/separation/isolation of neurons
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10
Q

Microglia physical characteristics/distribution

A
  • Small cells originating from bone marrow
  • Small processes extend from cell bodies and run between nerve cells
  • Spread w/even distribution throughout brain
    • cells never overap
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11
Q

Microglia functions

A
  • Respond to environmental changes in brain parenchyma
    • react by proliferation or behavioral change
  • Phagocytic actions ==> Macrophages of brain
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12
Q

Fate of severed/injured neuron (initial)

A
  • Axon distal to cut is destroyed/degenerates (w/help of microglia)
    • Microglia migrate and proliferate
  • Myelin withdraws/degenerations
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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes: function & distribution

A
  • location: CNS
  • function: myelinates axons ==> speed conduction
    • one oligodendrocyte ==> myelinate many axons
    • cell type = glial cell
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14
Q

Schwann cells: function & distribution

A
  • location: PNS
  • function:
    • myelinates axons ==> saltatory conduction
    • one schwann cell ==> myelinates only one axon
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15
Q

Dendrite function vs. Axon function

A
  • Dendrites
    • receptors receive NTs from synapse
    • send message from NTs to soma
  • Axons
    • electrical conduit (of action potentials)
    • conduit for macromlx
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16
Q

Axon terminal function

A
  1. Receives action potential
  2. Opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels ==> release synaptic vesicles w/NTs
  3. NTs (glutamate=most common, next is GABA) bind to receptors @ subsequent neuron
  4. Receptors @ receiving dendrite determine whether the rxn to a NT is excitatory or inhibatory
17
Q

Types of dendritic receptors

A
  • ionotropic
  • metabotropic
18
Q

Ionotropic receptor characteristics

A
  • dendritic receptor
  • ion-gated channel
    • NT binding ==> channel opens ==> ions flow down gradients
  • fast, direct-function
    • 1 ms rxn times
19
Q

Metabotropic receptor characteristics

A
  • dendritic receptor
  • NT binding ==> activation of second-messenger systems (e.g. G-proteins)
  • Slow, indirect action
    • several ms rxn times
20
Q

Nissl substance composition and function

A
  • composition: rough endoplasmic reticulum of neuron
  • function: produce and modify proteins
21
Q

PET vs. fMRI scan

A
  • both ~track cerebral blood flow
  • PET
    • imaging that tracks movement of radio-labeled marker (e.g. water or glucose)
    • movement of water or glucose follows flow of blood
  • fMRI
    • baseline image subtracted from image taken while performing some function/activity
    • reveals active portions of the brain
22
Q

Blood-brain barrier function

A
  • tight junctions @ cerebral endothelium ==> prevent substances from in circulatory from freely entering extracellular space of brain
  • allows for strict control of ECF composition w/in brain via active transport
23
Q

Astrocyte blood flow regulation mechanism

A
  • Glutamate taken up by astrocytes ==> release of intracell stores of arachidonic acid
    • glutamate = commonly excitatory NT
  • P450 enzyme acts on arachidonic acid ==> epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid (EET)
  • EET is released ==> hyperpolarizes arteriolar membrane ==> decreased vascular tone = dilation = increased blood flow
24
Q

Peripheral nerve damage: peripheral & central response

A
  • peripheral response
    • schwann cells clear myelin debris and line up to provide growth surface
    • nerve damage ==> initiation of growth program @ cell body ==> distal end of axon regrows
  • central reponse
    • microglia proliferate and change shape ==> after 2-3 days, strip synapses & reorganize connection ==> can lead to neuropathic states
    • activate astrocytes
25
Q

Central nerve damage: central regeneration response

A
  • damage ==> neuronal degeneration
  • oligodendrocytes do not clear myelin debris or aid in regeneration
    • upregulate expression of mlx that actively inhibit axonal outgrowth
    • activate local astrocytes ==> form glial scar = chemical & physical barrier to regeneration

Nervous System: Unit I (16 decks)

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