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Nervous System: Unit I > Intro to Neuropathology > Flashcards

Intro to Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

Major cells of the CNS

A
  • neurons
  • glia
    • astrocytes = scar formation
    • oligodendrocytes = myelin
    • ependyma =myoventricular system
    • microglia = macrophages
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2
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • in contact w/the CSF
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3
Q

Neuron characteristics

A
  • largest/longest cells in body
  • most metabolically active cells
  • non-replicative (@ adult)
    • neurons that are lost are not replaced
  • soma size parallels axon length
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4
Q

Neuronal responses to injury

A
  • total necrosis = loss of neuron/removal
  • chromatolysis = injury to axon ==> death OR regrowth of axon
  • acquisition of viral particles w/in nucleas/cytoplasm
  • acquisition of abnormal material w/in cytoplasm
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5
Q

Characteristics of ischemic/anoxic neurons

A
  • “red dead”
  • shrunken nucleus; loss of basophilic Nissl substance
  • some populations more susceptible to ischemia
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6
Q

Characteristics of chromatolysis neurons

A
  • cell attempts ot regroup and regrow a damaged axon
  • ==> swollen cell body
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7
Q

Characteristics of neurodegenerative neurons

A
  • show accumulations of abnormal proteins/mlx in cytoplasm
  • e.g. Lewy body in Parkinson’s
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8
Q

Storage disorder characteristics

A
  • unable to breakdown certain metabolic products
  • accumulation of materials overwhelms neurons
  • can lead to severe intellectual disability
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9
Q

Transection of axon reaction/process

A
  • necrosis distal to transection = “Wallerian degeneration”
  • may see swollen axonal processes @ injury site
  • axons may disconnect from synapse and around foreign material (e.g. amyloid plaque)
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10
Q

Astrocyte reaction to injury

A
  • scar-former of CNS
  • expansion of cytoplasmic volume and synthesis of intracytoplasmic intermediate glial filaments (GFAP+)’
  • chronic gliosis ==> network of cell processes but no extracell collagen
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11
Q

Other important job of astrocytes

A
  • metabolic regulators
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12
Q

Cellular characteristics of oligodendocytes

A
  • little cytoplasm
  • perinuclear halo
  • located in both grey and white matter
  • myelinates axons of CNS
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13
Q

problems w/oligodendrocytes

A
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14
Q

Ependymal cells characterisctics

A
  • line ventricular spaces
  • ciliated
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15
Q

Microglial cell characteristics

A
  • responds to tissue damage in CNS
  • “sentinels” w/in brain
  • w/large injury ==> microglia cells proliferate and respond to injury and be replaced by blood monocytes
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16
Q

Process of CNS tissue response to traumatic injury

A
  • injury to tissues/blood vessels
    • influx of blood borne cells/proteins
  • hemostasis
  • inflamation
    • reestablish BBB
    • cell recruitment
    • axonal breakdown
  • repair/remodelling = gliosis
17
Q

Muscle structure

A
  • m
18
Q

Muscle fiber types

A
  • Type I (red)
    • more oxidative enzymes
    • more mitochondria
    • more myoglobin
    • fire more tonically
    • slower rates of contraction and relax
  • Type II (white)
    • more glycolytic enzymes
    • mroe fatiguable
19
Q

Myopathy vs. Denervation

A
  • myopathy
    • proximal weakness/atrophy
    • elevated CK
    • EMG changes
  • Denervation
    • distal weakness/atrophy
    • normal CK
    • unique EMG changes
20
Q

EMG changes in myopathy vs. denervation

A
  • normal muscle = normal MUP (motor unit potential)
  • myopathic changes
    • dying muscle cells ==> less contraction
    • ==> small MUP
  • denervation
    • ==> muscle type grouping
    • ==> large MUP
21
Q

Myopathic changes in muscle

A

x

22
Q

Neuropathic (denervation) changes in muscle

A

x

23
Q

Basic patterns of injury @ peripheral nerves

A
  • Axonal problems
    • Wallerian degeneration
    • Distal axonopathy
  • Demyelination
    • Segmental demyelination
24
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A
  • sharp transection of axon
  • usually ==> axonal retraction
  • can have death of cell body
  • response: central chromatolysis
    • protein synthesis increased
    • soma = swollen
    • growth cone develops
    • macrophages/schwann cells ==> degrade myelin
  • bands of bugner = basal laminal lined endoneuronal sheath for schwann cells
25
Q

Rate of axonal regeneration

A
  • primates = 1-2 mm/day
  • humans rate decreases w/increasing distance from cell body
26
Q

End-organ response to denervation

A
  • atrophy of muscle
  • over time (~2 years for muscle), end-organ can lose ability to receive a nerve fiber input; if this time passes the muscle cannot be functionally restored
27
Q

Distal axonopathy

A
  • e.g. drugs, toxins impact cell body ==> distal axon is first impacted if production is slowed
  • “stocking-glove pattern”
28
Q

Segmental demyelination + repair process

A
  • autoimmune against myelin
  • repair ==> onion bulb formation = hypertrophy of nerves
29
Q

Nerve conduction studies

A
  • axonal loss = decreased amplitude
  • demyelination = decreased conduction velocity

Nervous System: Unit I (16 decks)

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