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PSY290: Neurochemical Basis for Behaviour > Neurons and the Nervous System > Flashcards

Neurons and the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts and functions of a neuron.

A

Dendrites: branches that receive input
Axon: network channel that carries electric signal
Myelin: white cells that allow the signal to pass faster
Axon terminal: where signal is passed to the next neuron

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2
Q

What are microglial cells and what are their three functions?

A
  1. They respond to injury and disease by multiplying and engulfed debris or cells.
  2. Regulate cell death, and synapse formation/elimination
  3. Keep balance of cells
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3
Q

What are astroglial cells and what is their function? (5)

A
  1. Contract/relax blood vessels
  2. Regulate the flow of materials into the CNS
  3. Vital to injuries (like microglia)
  4. They have receptors and can release transmitters and influence neuronal activity.
  5. They create tripartite synapses and so influence the synapses between two neurons.
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4
Q

What are oligodendroglia cells and what is their function? (2)

A
  • in the CNS, oligodendroglia myelinate neurons

- in the PNS Schwann cells myelinate neurons

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5
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Cells that myelinate neurons in the PNS

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6
Q

What is the name of neurons that have axons on both sides of the cell body?

A

Bidirectional neurons.

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7
Q

What is an axon collateral?

A

An axon branch that is in a different brain region than the cell body.

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8
Q

What are the four types of neurons?

A
  1. Unipolar (classic)
  2. Bipolar
  3. Multipolar
  4. Multipolar Interneuron
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9
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

A classic neuron where the cell body branches off the axon.

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10
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

A classic neuron where the cell body is in the middle of the axon chain.

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11
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

A neuron where there are multiple dendrites coming off of the cell body that is at one end of the axon. Can only signal to nearby cells, and thus provide inhibition control.

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12
Q

What is a multipolar interneuron?

A

A neuron with only dendrites, does not connect different regions of the brain.

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13
Q

What is an axosecretory synapse?

A

The axon terminal secretes directly into the blood stream.

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14
Q

What is an axoaxonic synapse?

A

Axon terminal secretes into another axon.

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15
Q

Name of the synapse where the axon terminal ends on a dendrite spine.

A

Axodendritic.

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16
Q

What is an Axoextracellular synapse?

A

Axon with no connection secretes into extracellular fluid.

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17
Q

What is an axosomatic synapse?

A

Axon terminal ends on a soma (cell)

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18
Q

What is an axosynaptic synapse?

A

Axon terminal ends on another axon terminal.

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19
Q

How to neurons communicate?

A

By sending a NT that is triggered by an electrical signal.

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20
Q

Describe how the resting membrane potential is achieved?

A
  1. K+ ions diffuse down a concentration gradient (out of the cell) via channels. Loss of K+ results in a negative charge on the inner plasma membrane face
  2. K+ also move in because they are attracted to the negative charge
  3. A negative membrane potential (-70 mV) is established when the K+ in balances the K- movement out.
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21
Q

What ions are critical to achieving concentration gradients across the neuronal membrane?

A

K+, Na+, A- proteins

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22
Q

The Na/K pump which is central to cellular respiration results in what concentration of ions across the membrane?

A

More K+ ions in the cell than Na+ ions. (3 Na+ come out, 1 K+ in)

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23
Q

What is the difference in the net electrochemical force for the ions involved in action potential?

A

Net electrochemical force for K+ is outward

Net electrochemical force for Na+ is inward

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24
Q

How do ligand gated channels for Na+ work?

A

ligand NT (usually glutamate) attaches to ligand-gated Na+ channel (AMPA) (initial event that allows for electric pulse to start), action potential of cell reaches -55mV (threshold) triggering an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP).

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25
Q

What is the main excitatory/inhibitory NT?

A

Glutamate/GABA

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26
Q

What is the neurochemical reason for epilepsy and schizophrenia?

A

Random firing of NTs because of disrupted balance of glutamate/gaba.

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27
Q

What happens at -55mV as opposed to resting membrane potentials (depolarization)?

A
  1. Voltage-gated channels open at threshold (-55mV)
  2. Na+ goes down the concentration gradient and increases the potential to (+40mV)
  3. After this, repolarization occurs when K+ ions flow out to restore potential to -90mV (hyperpolarization).
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28
Q

What happens at the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Depolarization only happens here where there is a high density of voltage gated Na+ channels. This helps the signal travel faster (called saltatory conduction).

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29
Q

Slowed neuronal signaling (expressed as depression, fatigue, optic neuritis) is a sign of what condition?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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30
Q

What happens when a signal reaches the axon terminal?

A
  1. Opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels which triggers vesicular fusion and release of NT into the synaptic cleft.
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31
Q

Name the small-molecule NTs (Types = 3)

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Monoamines (dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine)
  3. Unconventional NTs (nitric oxide, CO, endocannabinoids - anandamide)
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32
Q

Polypeptides also function as:

A

Large-molecule NTs

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33
Q

How many types of serotonin receptor are there?

A

7

34
Q

Why do drugs work (neurochemically)?

A

Each receptor can bind more than one compound

35
Q

Contrast ionotropic and metabolic receptors.

A

Ionotropic receptors signal fast because they are typically an ion pore that opens due to a ligand. Meanwhile metabolic receptors signal slowly, usually through a secondary messenger cascade.

36
Q

What is a G protein coupled receptor?

A

These cell surface receptors act like an inbox for messages in the form of light energy, peptides, lipids, sugars, and proteins.

37
Q

This NT is involved in pleasure, addition, reward, cognition and movement.

A

Dopamine.

38
Q

This NT is involved in mood regulation, cognition, eating.

A

Serotonin.

39
Q

GABA is…

A

an inhibitory NT with a calming effect, also regulates learning.

40
Q

Glutamate is…

A

most abundant excitatory NT (on switch for most neurons), more than for learning.

41
Q

Compare the role of transporters and enzymes in the synapse.

A

Released NTs are cleared from the synapse via transporters and/or degraded (via enzymes)

42
Q

What NT is low in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopamine.

43
Q

What NT is low in Alzheimer’s disease and what drugs are used to treat it?

A

Acetylcholine (chief NT of the parasympathetic system which controls muscle contraction like blood pressure), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to reduce its metabolism and boost its transmission

44
Q

What NT is low in epilepsy and what molecules are used to treat it?

A

GABA, GABA transport inhibitors (to boost inhibition + reduce excitation)

45
Q

What monoamines are lower in depression?

A

Dopamine and adrenaline.

46
Q

What the role of Prozac?

A

Acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) to boost serotonin levels by inhibiting uptake

47
Q

What are groups of cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

Ganglia (instead of nuclei in CNS)

48
Q

What are groups of axons called in PNS?

A

Nerves (instead of nuclei in CNS)

49
Q

Which map divided the brain into 52 regions?

A

The Brodmann map.

50
Q

Explain the 3D system for navigating the brain.

A

The brain has three axis similar to the coordinate system (x,y,z). Imagine looking at a person head on. The y axis would be the Dorsal-Ventral axis. The x axis would be the Medial(out to in)-Lateral(in to out) axis, the z axis would be the Anterior-Posterior axis or the Rostral-Caudal axis.

51
Q

What would you call the outer, middle part of the hypothalamus?

A

Posteromedial hypothalamus.

52
Q

What would you call the top, outer part of the frontal cortex?

A

Dorsolateral frontal cortex

53
Q

Name the “cuts” of the brain.

A

Coronal, Horizontal, Sagittal.

54
Q

What is the name of the 3-layered protective membrane and what are the names of the layers?

A

Meninges (dura, arachnoid and pia).

55
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid, important for cushioning the brain and the clearance of waste

56
Q

What brain part generates CSF but is detrimental and leads to hydrocephalus if overproductive?

A

choroid plexus

57
Q

Name the 5 divisions of the brain:

A
  1. Telencephalon (Forebrain)
  2. Diencephalon (Forebrain)
  3. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
  4. Metencephalon (Hindbrain)
  5. Myelencephalon (Hindbrain)
58
Q

Which division of brain are important for basic life functions.

A
  1. Metencephalon (Hindbrain)

5. Myelencephalon (Hindbrain)

59
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

Is newer evolutionarily and explains our higher order behavior, is divided into 6 layers + allocortex (3 layers).

60
Q

Describe the telencephalon.

A

Forebrain (cortex) of the brain, contains the basal ganglia and limbic system structures (i.e., hippocampus, amygdala) and the olfactory system.
Cortex of brain is the outer layer of cells (gray matter mainly)
~2-4 mm in humans

61
Q

Describe the diencephalon.

A

Contains the thalamus (relay center for sensory information), and the hypothalamus (key drive center for the four fs)

62
Q

Describe the mesencephalon.

A

Contains the superior colliculus (vision), inferior colliculus (hearing), substantia nigra (motor coordination), reticular formation (arousal), periaqueductal grey (pain).

63
Q

The pons and cerebellum are found in which part of the brain?

A

In the metencephalon.

64
Q

The medulla is found in which part of the brain?

A

Myelencephalon

65
Q

What are the bumps on the brain called?

A

Gyry

66
Q

What are the folds on the brain called?

A

Sulci

67
Q

What structure divides the two hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

68
Q

The central fissure divides which lobes?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

69
Q

The lateral fissure divides which lobes?

A

top half (frontal + parietal) from bottom half (temporal)

70
Q

Name the 5 structures in the Limbic system?

A
  1. Cingulate cortex
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Mamillary body
  5. Septum
71
Q

What is the basal ganglia important for?

A

Movement, reinforcement, learning and habit formation.

72
Q

What structures make up the dorsal striatum?

A

Caudate + Putamen

73
Q

What basal ganglia structures are important for movement?

A

Globus pallidus, caudate, putamen.

74
Q

What basal ganglia structure plays a role in reinforcement and learning?

A

Nuclear accumbens (making up the ventral striatum).

75
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary).

76
Q

Compare the afferent/efferent nerves.

A

Afferent (fibres bringing information into CNS) vs efferent nerves (fibers delivering information out of CNS)

77
Q

What are the divisions of efferent nerves?

A

Divided into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

78
Q

What is the distinction between dorsal and ventral signaling?

A

Sensory input comes into the ventral ramus, into the spinal cord then to the dorsal ramus. Motor signals come into the dorsal ramus into the spinal cord into the ventral ramus.

79
Q

What is the somatic NS?

A

12 cranial nerves, mainly for sensory information and motor instructions (via efferent fibers) of the face.

80
Q

What needs to be intact to deliver messages to the brain?

A

31 spinal (peripheral) nerves (useless in isolation, need to be connected to spinal cord

81
Q

Both these systems provide input to similar structures, and the balance of the two is really important.

A

parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic system

PSY290: Neurochemical Basis for Behaviour (9 decks)

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