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PSY290: Neurochemical Basis for Behaviour > Lecture 4. Sensory and Motor Function > Flashcards

Lecture 4. Sensory and Motor Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the stimulus of vision?

A

Electromagnetic waves

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2
Q

What is the visible spectrum?

A

700 - 400 nm

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3
Q

Describe the 3 steps in vision?

A
  1. Lens focuses light on the retina
  2. The retinal photoreceptors (rods and cones) convert light energy into electrical signals
  3. Signals are carried to the brain via the optic nerve
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4
Q

What is the purpose of having two eyes?

A

Depth perception.

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5
Q

The phenomenon where the same object generates a different image on the left and right eyes is called:

A

Binocular disparity.

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6
Q

What is a visual signal arc?

A

photoreceptor -> bipolar neuron and -> ganglion cell

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7
Q

Which photoreceptors function best in scotopic conditions?

A

Rods

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8
Q

Which photoreceptors function best during phototopic conditions?

A

Cones

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9
Q

Dysfunction of cones plays a role in what malady?

A

Color blindness

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10
Q

What is acuity?

A

Ability to discriminate between thinner and thinner signals.

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11
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The fovea is in the center of the retina, it has more cones than rods, few intervening cells and is involved in high acuity vision.

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12
Q

What is on the peripheries of the fovea?

A

Mainly rods that outnumber cones 20:1.

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13
Q

What are the three types of cones and what are their peak intensities?

A

S Cone = 419
M Cone = 531
L Cone = 559

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14
Q

Explain the Trichromatic Color Theory

A

Every color is a combination of three colors (and perhaps the activity patterns of three different cones)

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15
Q

Explain the Opponent Process Color Theory

A

Contrasting color signals interact (Blue v Yellow, Red v Green, Black v White) which explains after images, explains why we don’t see bluish yellow

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16
Q

What is the spectral sensitivity curve?

A

A graph of the perceived brightness of the same wavelength of light presented under two conditions (scotopic vs Photopic), in the light, yellow looks brighter than blue, in the dark, blue looks brighter than yellow

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17
Q

What is the name for the subjective perception of a color remains constant under varying illumination conditions.

A

Color Constancy (visual system adjusts our perception of the color in a scene based on the perceived illumination of the scene), that is, it substracts the illumination.

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18
Q

What is contrast enhancement?

A

The increase in contrast between two boundaries, affects our edge perception (useful for perception of boundaries)

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19
Q

How does contrast enhancement work?

A

It is caused by lateral inhibition, cells inhibit their neighbors when they get exposed to light intensity since they begin firing.

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20
Q

What is the visual sensory pathway?

A

Photoreceptors -> Optic Nerve -> Thalamus (Lateral Geniculate part) -> Visual Cortex

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21
Q

What types of neurons are specialized to respond to stimulus features (orientation, color, shape)

A

Feature Detection Neurons

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22
Q

What stream is involved in vision guided action?

A

Dorsal stream

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23
Q

What stream is involved in vision guided recognition/conscious awareness?

A

Ventral stream

24
Q

What is the physicals stimuli causing hearing?

A

Pressure waves.

25
Q

Amplitude of a soundwave is related to a sound’s ______

A

loudness

26
Q

The amount of cycles per second is called ________ and it relates to a sound’s ________

A

frequency, pitch

27
Q

Name the four characteristics of a sound.

A
  1. Amplitude (loudness)
  2. Frequency (pitch)
  3. Complexity
  4. Timbre (sound quality)
28
Q

Fundamental frequency.

A

The pitch that is related to the highest frequency of which there are multiple (For a combo of waves 50, 100, 150, 200, we would hear 50 Hz)

29
Q

Missing fundamental

A

The fundamental frequency that isn’t present in the combination of waves.

30
Q

What is the auditory range in humans?

A

20 Hz to 20 kHz

31
Q

What is the hearing threshold of pain?

A

130db

32
Q

What is the hearing sensory pathway?

A

Cochlea -> auditory nerve -> inferior colliculus (in midbrain) -> medial geniculate nucleus (in thalamus) -> auditory cortex

33
Q

What are the cortex structures involved in smelling? (4)

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Thalamus
  4. Orbitofrontal Cortex
34
Q

What are the receptors on the olfactory membrane called? And what do they do?

A

G-protein cortic receptors. They detect volatile odorant.

35
Q

Name the two theories for olfactory receptors.

A
  1. Shape theory

2. Vibrational theory

36
Q

Go through the olfactory sensory pathway:

A

Olfactory receptors -> olfactory bulb -> amygdala -> hypothalamus -> lateral posterior orbitofrontal cortex

37
Q

What are the two pathways of the olfactory system?

A
  1. Limbic cortex: emotional response to odors

2. Thalamic - frontal pathways: conscious perception of odors

38
Q

What makes humans worse sniffers? (3)

A
  1. smaller olfactory bulb relative to brain volume
  2. fewer olfactory genes coding for proteins
  3. lack readily identifiable pheromones (not as important for reproduction as other animals)
39
Q

How many olfactory neurons do humans and animals have?

A

~24 million

40
Q

What sense is responsible for synchronization of menstrual cycles?

A

olfactory

41
Q

Olfactory sensitivity increases________

A

During ovulation + pregnancy

42
Q

Premature loss of sense of smell (anosmia) may be an indicator of____ (3)

A

TBI, Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons

43
Q

Match taste with the chemical molecule.

A 
Sweet = sucrose
Salty = NaCl
Bitter = quinine
Sour = citric acid
Umami = glutamic acid
44
Q

What are the four “layers” of taste buds. (4)

A
  1. Papillae
  2. Taste buds
  3. Gustatory Cells
  4. Taste receptors
45
Q

What is a basal cell?

A

type of stem cells which replace gustatory cells

46
Q

Which tastes are mediated by the activity of G-protein coupled receptors?

A

Umami, Sweet + Bitter tastes

47
Q

Which tastes are mediated to ion channels?

A

Sour+Salty

48
Q

What is a tactile sensation more than a taste?

A

Spicy

49
Q

Capsaicinoids

A

Have been linked to food’s spicy taste (chemicals)

50
Q

What do Capsaicinoids activate?

A

TRPV1 receptors (Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1), found on the tongue and other regions of the body

51
Q

What are 4 reasons we love spicy food?

A
  1. Genetic factors
  2. Personality factors (sensation-seeking)
  3. Social Factors (desire to impress/fit in)
  4. Prior positive experiences (the more you ear, the more you tolerate)
52
Q

What is the endorphins hypothesis of spicy food?

A

When we eat spicy food, our brain releases endorphins that reduces the pain and that’s what we get addicted to.

53
Q

What is the taste pathway?

A

minute 1:18 in lecture

54
Q

What genetic factors can make someone a super-taster.

A

variations in the gustin gene (for a salivary trophic factor) and TAS2R38 gene (for a bitter taste receptor)

55
Q

(propylthiouracil PROP) + phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) are

A

bitter tasting molecules that people with certain alleles of gene TAS2R38 are sensitive to

56
Q

The Supertaster Bud Theory claims that

A

the more taste buds the better palette

PSY290: Neurochemical Basis for Behaviour (9 decks)

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