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psych111 > Neurons and neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurons and neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Specialised nerve cell

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2
Q

What are the five main parts of a neuron?

A 
Dendrites 
Cell body (soma) 
Axon 
nucleus
Synapses (presynaptic and postsynaptic)
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3
Q

explain resting membrane potential (RMP) and what is the RMP?

A

RMP means there’s a difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell and the cell is at RMP when not transmitting information
-70MV

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4
Q

small input into the dendrites =

large input into the dendrites =

A

small change in membrane potential

Large change in membrane potential

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5
Q

Where does Graded potential occur and what is it?

A

the dendrites and it occurs when there is a change in electrical potential as a response to input. The strength of the change of comparative to the input into the cell

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6
Q

What is temporal summation and spatial summation?

A

Temporal summation is when there is two lots of inout, one after another. The first input creates a small graded potential and as the second input comes in it adds on creating summation of inputs. resulting in a larger graded potential

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7
Q

What is the threshold of ion channels?

A

the graded potential has to meet a certain level of depolarisation for the euro to fire an action potential

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8
Q

Difference between grade potential and action potential

A

The difference is that action potential is triggered by membrane depolarisation at the threshold and graded potential is responsible for the initial membrane depolarisation of the threshold.

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9
Q

What are synapses and where are they located?

A

connections between neurons where the axon terminal sends messaged to other neurons and they are located on the dendrite or on the cell body

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10
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Neurotransmitters is a chemical that transmits information across synapses

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11
Q

How do drugs change synthesis?

A

Drugs reduce the amount of neurotransmitters that synthesis, which decreases the amount of neurotransmitters available when they are released across the cleft

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12
Q

How do drugs change storage?

A

Drugs may cause vesicles to leak, decreasing the strength of the message as there will be less neurotransmitters in the vesicle

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13
Q

How do drugs change release?

A

They increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitters being released over the threshold.

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14
Q

How do drugs effect binding?

A

They block receptors so when neurotransmitters are released across the cleft they won’t be able to bind with receptors due to blockage. Graded potential won’t occur as strongly

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15
Q

How do drugs change reuptake ?

A

Enhances messages across the synapses because neurotransmitters are going to sit round in the cleft for longer because the reuptake processes been slowed down

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16
Q

How to drugs effect a person?

A

change perception or behaviour and cognitions

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17
Q

what is pareidolia?

A

The tendency to perceive a specific image in a visual pattern

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18
Q

what’s the difference between the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?

A

central nervous system - brain and spine
peripheral - everything else including nerves which send out information and receive it to send back to the nervous system

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19
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain ?

A

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe

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20
Q

Where on your head is the frontal lobe located?

A

front of head

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21
Q

what is an axon

A

is where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.

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22
Q

what is an axon hillock?

A

the region where the plasma membrane generates nerve impulses

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23
Q

where does action potential occur?

A

Axon terminal

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24
Q

What is dendrites

A

part of the nerve cell that receives input

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25
Q

how do axon terminals work?

A

they are specialised to release the neurotransmitters of the presynaptic cell

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26
Q

what is a vesicle ?

A

area in axon that holds neurotransmitters

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27
Q

what is the process of neurotransmission?

A

action potential travels down axon to axon terminal, action potential will cause a change in electrical potential. This causes vesicles to be used out of the membrane to release neurotransmitters out of the membrane into the cleft. Float around in the cleft until binding occurs. Binding causes graded potential. The reuptake occurs where remaining neurotransmitters in the cleft are taken back up by the terminal.

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28
Q

What is a presynaptic neuron?

A

that fires the neurotransmitter as a result of an action potential entering its axon terminal

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29
Q

What occurs in the reuptake process?

A

Neurotransmitters move away from the cleft and are moved back into the axon terminal where they either metabolise or converted into a form that can be used to generate new neurotransmitters

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30
Q

What is a post synaptic neuron?

A

synapses that receives the neurotransmitter after it has crossed the synapse

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31
Q

What is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholines role in the centrals neverous system is memory

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32
Q

what happens if you have decreased acetylcholine and what does it cause ?

A

It will cause impaired memory

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33
Q

why is acetylcholine important?

A

It is important because in order for movement to occur at the cholinergic synapse the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is used. acetylcholine has a role in causing movement, speaking, etc. If synapses dent work properly and acetylcholine isn’t being used correctly then you may be paralysed.

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34
Q

what causes Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia?

A

Parkinsons is a decrease in dopamine and schizophrenia is an increase.

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35
Q

Dopamine and its relation to drugs of abuse

A

All drugs of abuse cause activation of the dopamine circuits increasing the release of dopamine

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36
Q

What is intrecal self stimulation (icss) ?

A

It is an experiment where probes are out into the brain to activate dopamine pathways (with activates neurons that use dopamine and a neurotransmitter)

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37
Q

What experiment was conducted for intrecal self stimulation?

A

One on rats where they had to press the bar to cause the release of dopamine. They found that the mice always pressed the button constantly. If given the option to choose food after been starved or the button releasing dopamine they choose the dopamine release.

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38
Q

What are the three main parts of the brain activated during intrecal self stimulation (icss)?

A

prefrontal cortex
Nucleus accumbens (where dopamine is released)
ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) - contanins neuros and cells bodies

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39
Q

what is the Nucleus accumbens?

A

deep part of the brain where dopamine is released

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40
Q

what is the ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

part of brain that contanins neurons and cells bodies

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41
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Had a role in the reward system to create pleasurable feeling and indulge in pulsive behaviour

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42
Q

How does the reward system work?

A

When you have drugs of abuse, humour etc it activateds the VTA and Nucleus accumbens to cause feelings of reward

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43
Q

how does deeb brain stimulation reduce depression?

A

It improves mood, and relieves feelings of depression

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44
Q

what are the main factors on the outside of the cell?

A

positive ions, sodium

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45
Q

what are the main factors on the inside of the cell?

A

anions and negative ions

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46
Q

What generates membrane potential ?

A

When ions are being pushed from one side of the cells to another through the ion channels specifically when potassium leaks from the inside of the cell to the outside via potassium channels. This generates a negative charge in the inside of the membrane vs the outside

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47
Q

What are ion channels?

A

a group of proteins that form a channel that creates a cell membrane. The ion channels allows the passage of ions between the extracellular environment and the cytoplasm of the cell.

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48
Q

What happens when the membrane potential depolarises?

A

it is caused by a rapid rise in membrane potential when sodium channels are opened in the cellular membrane. This results in a large influx of sodium ions into the cell. This causes the negative charge in the cell to be cancelled out by positive sodium ions

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49
Q

how do neurons transmit information within the neural structure?

A

through pulse activity that is produced by changes in the membrane potential.

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50
Q

How does pulse activity travel through the body?

A

Pulsive activity travels from dentries through the cell body along the axon as an action potential

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51
Q

how many synapses are there in the human brain?

A

Over 80 million

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52
Q

what is an agonist drug?

A

A drug that binds to the receptor on the cell to trigger a Response. It does this by acting as a naturally occurring substance

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53
Q

what is an indirect agonist drug?

A

Drug that enhances the release or action of an endengous neurotransmitter. This may happen due to an increase in synthesis. Overall it creates a grater response

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54
Q

what is an action potential?

A

Electrical impulses that send signals around the body.

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55
Q

What occurs during an action potential?

A

A temporary shift from positive to negative occurs in the neurons membrane potential which is caused by ions flowing in and-out of the cell

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56
Q

what are examples of reflexes

A

blinking , swallowing, pupil dilation, sneezing

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57
Q

what are the three types of reflexes

A

stereotypes, subconscious and unlearned

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58
Q

what is a reflex?

A

a simple automatic reposes to a stimulus

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59
Q

what do alpha motor neurons do?

A

generates movement as it causes muscle fibres to contract and allows larger muscles to generate force

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60
Q

What is the monosynaptic stretch reflex?

A

It occurs when a muscles stretches. the function of the reflex it allow muscles to maintain posture

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61
Q

what is inhibitory input?

A

Instead of the neurons depolarising the cell hyper polarises pushing the cell away from the threshold

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62
Q

What is synaptic communication?

A

When the message that transmitted pars synapses in exhibitory which increases the likelihood of the cell firing

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63
Q

what is the purpose of inhibitory input

A

so that when muscles are working together it ensures only on contracts at a time to ensure movement

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64
Q

What is ICSS

A

Intracranial self stimulation

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65
Q

What does ICSS do?

A

Activates dopaminergic pathways including the nucleus of accumbean and VTA

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66
Q

What does ICSS on animals show

A

Shows that pleasurable effects where produced

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67
Q

what are the three parts of the brain activated during ICSS

A

nucleus accumbent
VTA
prefrontal cortex

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68
Q

What activates the human reward system?

A

reinforcers such as food, sex, money, drugs of absue

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69
Q

What is Parkinson’s caused by ?

A

A lack of dopamine

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70
Q

What is schizophrenia caused by?

A

an increase in dopamine

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71
Q

What happens when you increase the dopamine dose of someone with Parkinson’s?

A

Will have reverse effects causing them to develop schizophrenic symptoms

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72
Q

How are drugs of abuse and dopamine related?

A

Because drugs such as coke increase dopamine levels in the brain

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73
Q

what is Broca s aphasia and where does it occur?

A

When your unable to say what your thinking . occurs in temporal lobe

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74
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

when you create multiple ideas

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75
Q

what’s the 7 + 2 experiment?

A

that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is 7 ± 2.

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76
Q

who did the 7 + 2 experiment?

A

Miller

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77
Q

What did peter tripp (1959) experience after going 201 hours without sleep?

A
  • Mild psychosis
  • Hallucinations
  • Paranoia
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78
Q

What did randy Gardener experience after going 264 hours without sleep?

A
  • Very little change

- Mild impairments in social behaviour

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79
Q

What are three sleeping tests?

A 
EEG = electroencephalogram – brain activity 
EOG = electrooculogram – eye movement 
EMG = electromyogram – muscle tone
80
Q

What did Peter trip and randy grammar experiment?

A

how lack of sleep effects the body

81
Q

Do we dream more in REM sleep of SWS?

A

REM. 80% of people in REM sleep remember dreaming compared to only 7% of people in slow wave sleep remember dreaming

82
Q
  • ———— memory is increased by SWS and

- ————memory is increased by rem….

A

Declarative memory is increased by SWS and

Procedural memory is increased by REM

83
Q

In wade et al’s (2002) memory distortion test what event were participants doing in the photograph?

A

-hot air ballon ride

84
Q

What is the wake maintenance zone and how long does it last?

A

it is the evening peak of alertness and it occurs from 7-9pm

85
Q

how long is the body clock cycle?

A

24.5-25 hours

86
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

memory of meaning, understanding and concept based genral knowledge

87
Q

What was Milners skill task 1965?

A

mirror drawing task

88
Q

Why do we forget?

A

Trace decay – cessation of neural firing (STM)
Weakening synapses
Forgetting due to interference

89
Q

What speeds were the cars said to be going when participants where asked about smashed compared to asked about when hit?

A
  • 41mph – smashed ‘

- 34mph – hit

90
Q

What is the best form of rehearsal to encode ideas into LTM?

A

elaborative rehearsal

91
Q

What is the method of Loci?

A

-Linking an idea or objects to a common routine in order ti retrace steps and discover the info again

92
Q

What did Peterson and Petersons study find?

A
  • Preventing rehearsal produces rapid forgetting

- That memory’s decay within 20seconfs if rehearsal is prevented

93
Q

what is chunking?

A

splitting information into groups so it’s easier to dealt with

94
Q

What does Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 1971 model show

A
  • primacy and recency effects

- model of memory

95
Q

what increases synaptic strength?

A
  • Increase in neurotransmitter release
  • Increase in postsynaptic response
  • Increase in synaptic connections between neurons
96
Q

What percentage of synapses in increases in neurons by using an enriched environment ?

A

-15%

97
Q

What is the cognitive memory hypothesis?

A

-Enrichment appears to aid in preventing age related cognitive decline

98
Q

What are the three steps of memory?

A
  • Encoding ‘
  • storage
  • Retrieval
99
Q

Which test was ebbinghouse (1850-1909) involved in ?

A

syllable memory

100
Q

What is the difference between agonist and antagonist?

A
  • Agonist – increases effects

- Antagonist – reduces effects

101
Q

What is the human reward system useful for?

A

-survival of species

102
Q

how many alpha neurons do we have?

A

400,000

103
Q

what are some positive effects of schizophrenia?

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganisation
104
Q

What are some negative effects of schizophrenic?

A

poverty of speech

105
Q

what are some neurotransmitters In the brain?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Noradrenaline
  • Glutamate
  • Serotonin
106
Q

What is the key chemical that can stop AP?

A
  • Tetrodotoxin
107
Q

what is the PR3 gene looking at ?

A

Circadian rhythm’s

108
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A
  • It plays an important role in your body’s “fight-or-flight” response
  • Increases alternes, arousal and attention
109
Q

Whats curare?

A

-Curare and related compounds exert their effects by blocking the activity of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in paralysis.

110
Q

What does the Bransford and Johnson study 1972 show? - comprehension

A

-Elaborative encoding improves compression and memory

111
Q

What’s phase advancing and chase delaying?’

A
  • Phase advance = shifting the time you go to sleep and time you wake up to earlier in the sleep wake cycle. E.g moving bed time from 10-8 and wake up time from 8-6
  • Phase delay = shifting the time you go to sleep and time you wake up to later in the sleep cycle. E.g changing sleep time from 8-10 and wake up time from 8-10
112
Q

How much time is spent in rem sleep?

A
  • Babies – 50%

- Adults 20-25%

113
Q

What curare blocks the action of a neurotransmitter by occupying its receptors sites?

A

-An antagonist

114
Q

Failing the knee jerk test indicates?

A

-A problem in the neural pathways in the spinal cord

115
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A
  • Located at the back of the brain underlying occipital lobe and temporal lobes
  • It is important for making postural adjustments to maintain balance
116
Q

What’s the amygdala ?

A
  • Cluster of cells located near the base of the brain

- Helps regulate and define emotions

117
Q

What’s the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A
  • Bilateral structure located in the anterior part of the hypothalamus
  • It is the pacemaker of circadian timing, regulating circadian rhythms in the body
118
Q

Melanopsins photoreceptors

A

-Respond to Prescence of light by transmitting signals to the SCN

119
Q

What’s impaired remote memory?

A
  • Occurs when you have retrograde amnesia

- Do a remote memory test to test if you remember things prior to accident

120
Q

What is context dependant amnesia?

A

-Forgetting can occur when the environment during recall is different from the environment you were in when you were learning.

121
Q

What is consolidation?

A

-Hypothetical process by which memories are transferred from liable short term storage to more robust long term storage

122
Q

What’s declarative memory?

A
  • Processing of names, dates, places, facts and events.

- Specialised for fast processing and learning

123
Q

What’s structural memory?

A

-Structural encoding focuses on what words look like. For instance lower or uppercase words

124
Q

What’s procedural/implicit memory?

A

-Long term memory related to performance of different skills and actions such as cooking, riding a bike etc

125
Q

What’s proactive and retroactive memory?

A

Proactive – old memory’s interfere with new memories

Retroactive – new memories interfere with recall of old memories

126
Q

Knowledge that a bird fly’s is help in what part of memory?

A

semantic memory

127
Q

Deep processing of the stimuli describe by craik and Tulving would require you to?

A

-Determine whether flower made sense in a sentence about gardens

128
Q

Elaboration is ?

A

-Linking the stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

129
Q

Godden and Baddeley’s (1875) showed?

A
  • That context is encoded as part of a memory trace
130
Q

What neurotransmitters are in both Parkinson’s and schizophrenia?-

A
  • dopamine
131
Q

What is retrograde amnesia and how do you test it?

A

When you loose memories from the time of trauma going back in the past. you test it by doing the famous faces test. the famous’s faces test is when you present patient with faces from over the years if they can’t remember the name it shows when they first can’t remember

132
Q

what do abnormal sensation caused and what are they caused by?

A

When abnormally firing neurons recruit other neurons and start firing abnormally together in parts of the brain that cause sensation - this causes seizures

133
Q

What are the three proposed components of STM?

A 
the central executive (in command)
visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye)
Phonological loop (inner eye and inner voice)
134
Q

What are factors of short term memory and long term memory? how does short term information get into ltm?

A

has limited captivity and has rapid forgetting of about 20 seconds
massive capacity and slow forgetting. gets into ltm through encoding and rehearsal

135
Q

What is the serial position effect ?

A

When a list of 15 words are read out and it is found to have a recency and primacy effect as demonstrated by the model of memory

136
Q

What is the primacy and recency effect? how does distraction before recall effect them?

A

primacy - when there is improved performance from the start of the list as words have time to be rehearsed and encoded into LTM
recency - When performance of words at the end of the list can be remembered due to words still being in STM
Recency effect will decrease as words won’t be converted into LTM and will have been forgotten in STM through lack of rehearsal

137
Q

what is anterograde amnesia and how does it occur?

A

when you can’t remember LTM and are no longer able to form LTM but STM is still intact. Generally occurs due to temporal lobe damage

138
Q

What happened to patient H.M ?

A

Had a head injury causing him life impacting seizures. To reduce this doctors removed his temporal lobes. removal of temporal lobes caused retrograde and anterograde amnesia. He couldn’t remember 2 years before the time of the trauma and couldn’t form new memories

139
Q

Liable in psychology means?

A

means a memory is easily changed or easily damaged

140
Q

what’s temporal lobe amnesia and what causes it?

A

Disruptes episodic memory and is caused by Damage to mediocrely temporal lobe

141
Q

What is episodic memory, priming and still learning?

A

episodic - memory of episodes that have occurred
priming - When someone with amnesia is given a word and when shown again they remember what it was but don’t remember originally being shown it
still learning - When you can do a task easily but can’t remember learning how to do it

142
Q

what is transience/memory decay and trace decay?

A

transience/memeory decay - Reduced memory over time
trace decay - when forgetting occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace. Occurs through the weakening of synapses in LTM

143
Q

what is blocking/retrieval failure, absent mindless and memory persistence?

A

blocking/retrieval failure - feeling of knowing but can’t exactly remember
absent mindless - Occurs when you have a memory failure which results in shallow encoding of information due to the lack of attention
memory persistence - when ptsd occurs

144
Q

what’s distortion and what do the components of it mean?

A

distortion = masattribuation, bais and suggestibility
mattatribuation - Assigning memory to a wrong source
bais - influence on current knowledge on memory for past events
suggestibility - Altering a memory because of misleading information

145
Q

what is reconsolidating?

A

when you continue to build on memories

146
Q

What is ebbinghouse forgetting curve and what does he suggest?

A

Shows the rapid fall of retention interval over a month and suggests we retain information for a long time

147
Q

What was Patersons vs pertesons experiment

A

Shows decrease of retention interval of recall of letters in seconds

148
Q

how does memory occur?

A

through patterns of activity and strengthening of synapses

149
Q

What is phonetic and semantic encoding ?

A

phonetic - idea that in STM information is encoded in a shallow form
semantic - when memories are encoded into LTM due to added meaning of the memory. added meaning links to the deeper part of the brain where deep processing occurs

150
Q

What is the Stein and Branford experiment and what did it show? - base sentences

A

They gave people a range of sentences with different bases e.g “the fat mad read the sign”. it showed That elaborating rehearsal enhances encoding and engaging with the meaning

151
Q

what is maintained rehearsal?

A

Repeating words without thinking about the meaning

152
Q

In Crash and tuckings experiment what did the experiment show?

A

That words using semantic memory was remembered the most

153
Q

What happened in Bradford and Johnsons experiment and what were the results? - paragraphs

A

Two groups one given a paragraph of meaning an one group given a random paragraph. the group of meaning remembered 32% and the group with no meaning remembered 13%

154
Q

what are semantic networks and how are they important?

A

They are series of important information stored in long term memory. they help links concepts in a memory to another e.g firetruck and red

155
Q

what’s a circadian rhythm?

A

physical mental and behavioural changes that follow a 24 hour wake cycle

156
Q

what’s melatonin and where is it released from?

A
  • hormone that makes you sleep

- released from the pineal gland

157
Q

what’s sleep propensity ?

A

readiness to transit from awake to asleep or the ability to stay asleep

158
Q

what is zeigeber?

A

a rhythmically natural phenomenon that acts as a cue in regulation of the body circadian rhythms e.g light

159
Q

What does an increase in temperature during wake maintenance zone show?

A

decrease in metabolism. when your sleeping metabolism decreases by 10% as the body temp decreases the caloric demand

160
Q

What does Michel siffre experiment and what does it show?

A

sleep wake cycle - went in a cave and and tested if we have an internal clock
shows that periods of activity sill occurs in a block of time and overtime you become an hour out of sync as humans have an internal clock of 25 hours

161
Q

What is the slprachiamsmatic nucleus (SCN) and what happens when you remove it?

A

Where the internal clock is located and if you remove it then you’ll sleep in random blocks across the day instead of only when its dark

162
Q

how does the scn tell when its dark, keep the sleep wake cycle on time and what does it do when it becomes light?

A
  • can tell when its light because Melatonin receptors in respond to the presence of light by transmitting that information
  • when its light or becoming morning the SCN stops the pineal gland from producing melatonin
  • it keeps the sleep wake cycle on time by exposure to light
163
Q

what’s the evolutionary, inactivity and sleep conservation theory?

A

evolutionary theory - that the core function of sleep is to adopt animals to there specific scientific niche
inactivity theory - not effective and safe to hunt during the night so evolution has caused us to sleep during the day
sleep conservation - when your sleeping you conserve energy so its inefficient to look for food

164
Q

What is the repair theory and how do sleep and chromosomes link?

A

repair theory - Muscle growth, tissue repair, protein synthesis and growth hormones occur well sleeping. When sleeping chromosomes dynamics in an individual neurons and at night chromosomes move around which corresponds with repairing double stranded breaks

165
Q

How do sleep deprivation link to health?

A

can increase risk of cancer, diabetes, digestive and mood disorders

166
Q

what occurs from stage 1 to four of sleep?

A

egg becomes more synchronised

167
Q
  1. is it true or false that external stimuli can be incorporated into dreams?
  2. Is it true or false that dreams only last an instant?
  3. is it true or false that some people don’t dream?
  4. Is it true that being aroused when you wake up is due to a sexual dream?
  5. Is it true or false you only dream in black and white?
A
  1. true - test by pouring water on their hand and then asking what they dreamed about.
  2. false - measure how long they have been in rem sleep then wake them up ask how long they have been dreaming
  3. false
  4. false - its a illogical process
  5. false
168
Q

what is rem sleep and what does the egg suggest during this time?

A

low voltage, high frequency waves and during this time there rapid eye movement and loss of muscles tone
egg suggests That neutrons are doing multiple things and that electoral potentials aren’t being synchronised causing the amplitude to drop away

169
Q

how to test if sleep helps memory

A

paired associated test an mirror drawing. comparing performance without sleep, after only having SWS and after having LWS

170
Q

—– memory is increased in early sleep

late sleep increases…….

A

that early sleep is used for explicit memory and late sleep helps consolidation for skill task

171
Q

what was the experiment design testing insight and creativity well asleep and what were the results? WHO

A

participants are presented with a sequence before training and after sleep or controlled condition. found that people who sleep in between tests gained more insight

172
Q

what is brain plasticity?

A

refers to a brains ability to change and adapt as a result of experience

173
Q

what is hypnagogic?

A

Involuntary sponstanueos dream like experiences that incorporate recent wake experiences

174
Q

does door increase memory ins sleep?

A

was found that is enhances decorative memory in SWS and enhances procedural memory in REM sleep

175
Q

What are sleep spindles and what do they reflect?

A

eeg spindle density in neocortex during sleep predicts subsequent memory performance and they reflect engagement of replayed experiences with info in the neocortex

176
Q

What is the hippocampus, what does it do during slow wave sleep and what is encoded in there?

A

it is the region where memories and experiences are encoded in the firing of neutrons. During slow wave sleep it replays events as a sequence of cell firing. experiences and memories are encoded into the hippocampus

177
Q

what happens to memories of experiences during Sleep?

A

experiences are replayed at high speed during SWS

178
Q

placebo

A

an inactive treatment, sometimes called a ‘sugar pill - sometimes make you perceive you think you know something

178
Q

placebo

A

an inactive treatment, sometimes called a ‘sugar pill - sometimes make you perceive you think you know something

179
Q

what’s an agonist?

A
  • drug that mimics the action of a normal neurotransmitters by binding to the receptor which produces a response similar to intended chemical. e.g vending machine - put in a metal disk which mimics the action of a coin producing an intended reaction
180
Q

what’s an antagonist?

A

drug that binds to the receptor site stopping the receptor from producing a response. egg vending machine - jamming slot so your unable to get a drink

181
Q

what’s the process of motor alpha neurons?

A
  1. sensory inout travels doen the SNS via sensory neuron
  2. synapses is the spinal cord release NT which sends Ap to the brain
  3. exhibitory input activate motor neurons causing the muscle to contract
182
Q

what do alpha motor neurons do?

A

-helps body generate movement. when alpha motor neurons are activated it causes muscle fibres to contract and generate force

183
Q

what is inhibitory input?

A

rather then depolarising the glee it hyper polarises it pushing gp away from the threshold. works to stop muscles tensing

184
Q

what’s a post synaptic neuron?

A

at an axon terminal. when neurotransmitters are released across the synaptic cleft the receptors at the post synaptic neuron respond to the neurotransmitter and generate an GP

185
Q

what’s on the outside of a cell?

A

both positive and negative charge but there more positive on the outside
there’s also positive sodium ions

186
Q

what’s on the inside of a cell?

A

more negative charge

-chlorine ‘and anions

187
Q

what are the three types of reflexes

A

steorytypes
subconscious
unlearned

188
Q

what’s the order of the motor neurons making muscles move?

A
  1. sensory inout - travels to CNS via sensory neuron
  2. synapses in spinal cord release NT which sends AP to the brain causing a sensation
  3. expiatory NT activate motor neurons sending an AP to muscle which causes the muscle to contract
189
Q

what did Miller 1956 investigate?

A

the magic number 7+2 which is capacity of STM

190
Q

what did stein and brandofrd find?

A

that elaborative endcoding enhances encoding in LTM

191
Q

Bransford and Johnson experiment and results

A

-two paragraphs one with context one without
informed - 32% remembered
Uninformed- 13% remember
concluded that encoding improves comprehension and memory

192
Q

what happened to formula one driver?

A

had retrograde amnesia which suggested that memory is consolidated over time

193
Q

what in consolidation?

A

that is occurs over peiords and memeories are made damage resistant

194
Q

what did they do in the Wagner sleep insight study

A

had to figure out task

195
Q

what’s hypotonia?

A

involuntary dream like experiences where recent dream wake experiences are incorporated into stage one of sleep

psych111 (5 decks)

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