developmental psychology 2 Flashcards
where does language and vision occur in the brain?
language - Broacas areas (frontal) wernikies area (temporal lobe)
vision - occipital lobe
whats the face and spoon experiment and its findings?
what - three spoons with things that imitated faces
findings - develop knowledge of what a face looks like quickly and can tell difference between mother and other women
how many genes do fraternal/dizogytic twins share?
50%
how much genes do monozygotic/indentical twins share?
100%
whats the correlation of personalities for twins?
-1 to 1
Whats cystic fibrosis?
- sccaring and cysts in pancreas
- purely genetic but environments can interact
- recessive genes
Whats PKU
- genetic disorder that is effected by diet
- genes interact with environmental
passed through ressecive genes
Whats complex behaviour they experiment, conclusions and inference?
experiment - breed active and non active mice
conclusions = activity in mice is controlled by genes (polygenetic)
active x active = increase in activity through generations
random = activity level remains the same through generations
inactive x inactive = decrease in activity levels across generations
interference - could human activity be to do with genes -> adhd
Whats the maze dull and maze bright experiment?
experiment - breed maze dull and maze bright mice through selective breeding. They then grow up in three different conditions then test them on there ability to make it through the maze
conclusion…
impoverished condition - Both have high mean errors
standard - maze dull have less mean errors then maze bright
enriched - both have low mean errors
environmental contributions to IQ
- 40-70% of IQ is genes
conclusions of the environmental contributions to genes
- genetics is the main factor
- genetic influence on IQ increases as you age and environments change as interests and environments change
genes = range of iq
environment = determines where you end up in the range
schizophrenia - genes vs environment
- shows that sharing genes increases chances of having it showing its mainly genetic. But even if you share no genes there a low chance that you’ll get schizophrenia from living in the same environment as someone with it showing it has an environmental component
genes - hereditary disorder + environment - family factors, social class, parental insult and stress = schizophrenia
genes + environment =
behavioural phenotype
whats a teratogen and an example of one in the critical period
teratogen - effects development leading to abnormalities and death
thalidomide - antineusisea drug shuts down part of brain that tells the body to sleep. Effecting limb development by preventing new blood vessel growth
CP= day 24-49
whats the critical period
18-60
- time when biological/environmental effects impact development
whats fetal alcohol syndrome ?
- alcohol reduces oxygen to the womb and interfere with metabolic hormone
- CP = week 10 to birth
causes - thin upper lip and short nose, flat mid face etc
whats imprinting?
when you form a connection and imprint of the first moving thing you see within the critical period
Lorenz - geese
geese CP= 13-16 hours
ducks Cp = 8-24 hours
What did Henry hallow experiment and what did he find? (monkey isolates)
experiment - isolated monkeys, got no physical touch
results
- deficit and social behaviour but cognitive abilities remained the same
- increased self directed stereotypical behaviours
- can be recovered if paired with a younger monkey within the critical period
-argues that the critical period for social development is over 12 months
What happened to Oxana Malaya ?
- raised by dogs for 6 years
- social and language deficits
what is the sensitive period?
- period where harmful effects can be altered by events
- effects are less dramatic
- begins and ends gradually
What did Bowlby find about children attitudes and behaviours in foster care?
- increased attention seeking behaviours
- withdrawal
- apathy
- lower cognition and Iq
What did Dennis find about how the age of adoption effects Childrens iq
- experiment, adopted kids at different ages. before adoption had average IQ of 53 which is in the disabled range
- under 2 = IQ almost doubled
- over 2 = iq increase wasn’t substantial but increased into the normal range
- experiment shows that the earlier you internet the better
What did Harold skills experiment about moving children to foster homes find?
- moved from Forster home to mother
before (19 months) - in disabled iq range
after adoption (37 moths) - normal iq range
30 years after - normal life, normal iq
what did Perry experiment when looking at the removal of kids from a neglectful situation?
- the removal of kids from a younger ages and only after one or two years of neglect of abuse meant that there iq range would generally increase to normal iq but if children where in neglect for 4 years or more there was very little change in IQ.
Cp - 2-4 years
Whats the link to development and the average size of households?
- over the years the average household size has decreased
- the amount of people in houses allows you to analyse impoverished or enriched environments
what are conclusions about children growing up in orphanages?
that the sensitive period is 2-4 years
that social cognition and iq defats are acquired through neglect
can be recovered if fixed or removed from the situation within the sensitive period
Whats the trend of abuse?
slightly increase but not significantly. has changed over the years
What are three main points in relation to abuse?
- high death rates
- common when your younger
- if your abused your more likely to become an abuser
Whats the most common type of abuse and who’s the most common perpetrators?
common - neglect
- women 20-29
- women 30-39
- men 30-39
whats a main factor that contributes to abuse?
the income gap - the higher the income gap the stronger the correlation to poverty
- moari individuals are over represented in abuse stats as they make up lots of the poverty rates within nz
Whats shaken baby syndrome?
when a baby is shaken at a young age causing brain damage or death
- strong correlation with abuse
- very common
what are costs for abuse in us
over 1million is spent on abuse but only $10 is spent for every abused child
What is a gateway drug?
beer - vape - weed - MDMA
whats the likelihood of using one drug leading to another ?
for whites its about 5.82 times more likely
- more likey for Asian/indiansa and Vietnamese
whats the gateway hypothesis?
- sequences
- association
- causation
what increases causal use of drugs
- learning
- risk factor
- social norms - peer pressure
- pharmaceuticals
is cannibis a gateway drug?
mixed feelings
- people believe its more up to genetics and individuals charachtersistics and the validity
Whats the correspondence between tattoos, piercing and risk taking behaviour?
if you have tattoos and piercings it increases the chance you’ll partake in risk taking behaviours
- younger you start the more likely
Whats a possible cause of risk taking behaviour?
- having fewer dopamine receptors in your brain meaning to feel normal you need to do dopamine inducing activities
Where does risky behaviour occur in genes
DRD2 or DRD4 in chromosome 11
what do twin studies in relation to drugs shows?
high genetic correlation
If you use heavy weed how much more likely are you to use other drugs?
100% more likely
What did Portugal do and what did they find?
- CHANGED LAWs
- reduced deaths and reduced drug use except weed
Whats sids and what causes it?
- sudden death
- caused by smoking, moari, besmearing, poverty
whats a c section and what does It do?
- increases death and reduces bonding
whats oxytocin?
- love drug
released at birth
increases empathy
what does an increase in oxytocin in males do?
- increases contact leading to warmer parenting
Does c sections effect bonding?
- kinda as oxytocin is releases and not as many ares in the brain are activated when baby cries
