learning summary Flashcards
What Is classical conditioning?
when cs elicits the cr
What is the NS
neutral stimulus
What is the ns in pavlova experiment and why
bell because it elicits no response
What is the us and ur
food is us and salvation is ur
what happens when you put ns and us together ?
bell + food = salvation
what’s the cr
bell = salvation
What did Ivan pavlov experiment?
how to elect salvation in a dog
What did berstien 1978 experiment ?
how classical conditioning it’s in with chemo and feeling sick
What is instrumental conditioning?
wanting to emit a response in order to produce a reward
What is the skinners law and effect
when a response is followed by a reinforcer the strength of the response increases and when a response is followed by a punisher the strength of the response decrease
What is reinforcement ?
increases likelihood of behaviour
What is positive reinforcement?
adding a stimulus increases behaviour
What is negative reinforcement ?
removing a stimuli increases behaviour
what is punishment ?
decreases the likelihood of behaviour
What is positive punishment?
adding a stimulus decreases behaviours
positive =
adding a stimulus
negative =
removing a stimulus
punishment =
decrease behaviour
what is an example of fixed interval ?
giving reinforcer every 5 minutes
What is an example of fixed ratio?
giving a reinforcer every 10 pushes
What is an example of variable ratio?
reinforcer every 10 pushes or so
What is extinction ?
when behaviour isn’t maintained
What is partial reinforcement?
only reinforced some of the time
What is continuous reinforcement?
reinforced every time
what is habituation?
an example of it
- -A decline in the tendency to respond ti stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure
- e.g gun shot goes off at the start you get started then your response decreases as you know its not dangerous
what is the classical conditioning example of Carol ?
before conditions car = no fear (ns) during conditioning - car (cs) + traumatic event (us) = fear and anxiety (UR after conditioning car (cs)= fear (cr)
what is acquisition?
period where the response is being learned
what is extinction and what is an example?
– is the process where the cs is presented repeatedly in the absence of the US which causes the CR to weaken and disappear.
-e.g if there no longer food being presented after the bell then the dog will stop salivating
Why is extinction important?
to adapt to the environment and climate CR if no longer appropriate
what is spontaneous recovery and an example?
- Occurs after a period of extinction when the cr may reoccur
- e.g. when you stop presenting the dog with food after the bell it will stop responding but if you started to re teach this it would be spontaneous recovery
what is stimulus generalisation and an example?
– when a stimulus similar to the original CS elicits a CR as well
e.g – dog learned to salivate to a medium pitch but will also respond to a low- or high-pitched tone
why is stimulus generalisation important?
occurs for adaptation. If an animal only responded to a specific rustling of the trees then it would still be in danger because every rustling isn’t the same
What is discrimination?
occurs when a conditioned response occurs to one stimulus but not others
e.g responds to bell but not beeping
what is sensory preconditioning?
involves repeated simultaneous presentations (pairing) of two neutral stimuli (NS, e.g. a light and a tone). - stimuli that isn’t related to response e.g (salivation)
what’s higher order conditioning and what’s an example?
It is when a NS becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS
e.g NS presented with a CS = CR
The new NS becomes CS2 and = CR
-Presents a weaker CR which extinguish these more quickly
what is reconditioning?
a form of behavior where a client is conditioning to replaced undesired Reponses with desired ones
what did John B Watson investigate and find?
- fear repossess on little Albert
- conditioned him to be afraid of white rats by making loud noises when the rat was presented but he was also afraid of anything white and fluffy
ns= rat
us=noises ur=cry
cs=rat cr=cry
what is exposure therapy?
when a client is exposed to CS without presence of US
What is aversion therapy
attempts to condition an aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour
e.g make someone feel sick before they drink
What is anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV)?
when you become nauseated and may vomit anywhere from minutes to hours before the treatment.
This happens in cancer patients become of the treatments
what is Thorndikes experiment?
built a puzzle box that could be opened from the inside through trial and error. wanted to explore how animals solve problems
Thorndikes law and effect states….
that in given situation, a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur and a response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur
what’s the difference between operant and classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning – involves learning about the relation between two stimuli
Operant conditioning involves learning the relation between response and stimulus
what’s discriminative stimulus is operant conditioning?
occurs when a response occurs to one discriminative stimulus but not another
e.g. rat presses lever when light comes on but not when lights off. He discriminates between two situations
what is a primary reinforcer?
is stimuli such as water that an organism find reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs
what is a secondary conditioned reinforcer and an example?
stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers e.g money
When a dog its you give it food
e.g When you pair good boy with siting it means nothing until paired with food. Soon you will just be able to use good boy which will now be the secondary reinforcer
what is maladaptive learning?
behaviour that prevents you from making adjustments for your own interests. maladaptive learning includes escape behaviour and avoidance conditioning
what’s escape and avoidence behaviour?
example
escape behaviour- adverse situation
Avoidance behavior – where a response prevents the aversive situation from occurring
e.g. – if a lecture is boring you may start leaving earlier (escape) then not finding yourself going at all (avoidance)
what’s escape and avoidence behaviour?
example
escape behaviour- adverse situation
Avoidance behavior – where a response prevents the aversive situation from occurring
e.g. – if a lecture is boring you may start leaving earlier (escape) then not finding yourself going at all (avoidance)
what’s avoidance conditioning?
the organism learns a response to avoid adverse stimulus. E.g. learn to dree warm to avoid cold
how do avoidance and escape conditioning work together?
fear is acquired through classical conditioning. This fear motivates escape and avoidance which are negatively reinforced by fear reduction. Operant conditioning principals have been applied in many settings to enhance performance and reduce behavior problem
what do escape and avoidance conditioning result from?
negative reinforcement.
what is operant extinction?
is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced
when ringing the bell to make the dog salivate stops working then you shift to a stronger reinforcement
what is an extinction burst?
where following the removal of reinforcers the behavior becomes more intense before reducing
what is the Skinner box?
a special chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally
what is shaping?
– involves reinforcing successive approximations that increasingly resemble finial desired behavior
what is chaining?
develops a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response
when does operant generalisation occur?
when behavior changes in one situation due to reinforcement or punishment and the new response carries over to similar situations
what is conditioned taste aversions?
a conditioned response in which taste of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive
what is instinctive drift?
- the tendency for a conditioned response to drift towards instinctual behavior
e. g. animals predicting that coins where food
what is observational learning?
learning that occurs by observing behavior of a model
what is banduras social cognitive theory?
represents peoples beliefs that they have the capability o perform behaviors that will produce a desired outcome
what is evolutionary factors that effect learning?
- An organisms evolutionary history places biological constraints on learning. Organisms show faster classical conditioning when a cs has evolutionary significance. It was also hard to operantly condition animals to perform behavior contrary to there evolved natural tendencies.
implicit learning is based on?
explicit learning is based one
implicit learning - Information that you pick up without realising
explicit learning - conscious based learning
what is the compensatory reaction hypothesis?
Where your body “tilts” the other way in order to prepare for an influx of material e.g insulin
Which drug did siegal use on rats to test the compensatory reaction hypothesis?
herion
what is the flooding theory?
- Flood participant with stimulus to cause response extinction
what is an example of reflective behaviour?
blinking
what is behavioural inhibition?
- a personality type that shows tendency towards stress
instinctual behaviours include…
- homing
- imprinting
- migrating
what is blocking?
- It is a way classical conditioning can be restrained as conditioning doesn’t occur if a good predictor of the US already exists
what is latent learning?
-it is learning from experience when there appears no obvious reinforcement or punishment for the specific behavior
Tolman and hoznik 1930
- rats in the maze
- found that there was no motivation when there was no food - so where slower
- When there was food there was motivation to finish the maze
what is sensitisation learning?
where repeated exposure to a stimulus results in an increase of strength of the reaction to the stimulus e.g becoming more sensitive to pain or smell of something if it makes you sick
what’s generalisation?
- When you respond in a same way to a different but similar stimuli
e. g dog salivates at two different pitches because they are similar
what’s incremental learning?
Processing knowledge in small bits gradually converting learning into lasting knowledge in your memory
partial =
Intermittent
associative learning is?
the process where the learner associates a response with an object resulting in a a positive or negative outcome
whats successive approximation?
a method of shaping operant behavior by reinforcing responses similar to the desired behavior. Initially, responses roughly approximating the desired behavior are reinforced. Later, only responses closely approximating the desired behavior are reinforced
e.g teacher says good job when gets the right note, after the student always plays the notes correctly the teacher only praises girl sometimes
Disinhibition
Dishabituation is when we respond to an old stimulus as if it were new again. When we repeatedly see or experience a stimulus, our response to it grows weaker. For example, you play peek-a-boo with a baby by covering your face with a blanket. The first time you pull down the blanket to reveal your face, you can expect to get lots of squeals and laughter. But if you keep doing this, the baby’s reaction will eventually decrease, until you can barely even coax a giggle or a smile out of him.
what is premacks principal?
theory of reinforcement that states that a less desired behaviour can be reinforced by the opportunity to engage in a more desired behaviour.
higher probability behavior will reinforce a less probable behavior
e.g deprive rat of water, when given as a reinforcer it will elect a stronger response as water was more desired
