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module 13 > Neurons and neural communication > Flashcards

Neurons and neural communication Flashcards

1
Q

how does the nervous system work-give an overview

A

-it needs to detect changes in the internal/external environment , changes known as stimulus

-this information then needs to be processed and an appropriate response to be triggered

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2
Q

what is the role of neurones

A

they transmit electrical impulses rapidly around the body so it can respond to a stimuli

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2
Q

what is the nervous system made of

A

billions of specialised nerve cells called neurones

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3
Q

what is the difference between nerve cells and neurones

A

a bundle of neurones are called a nerve

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4
Q

is it true that neurones work together to carry information detected by a sensory receptor do a effector which carried to response

A

yes true

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5
Q

what are the 3 main components of a neurone

A

-cell body
-dendrons
-axon

also some have:

-node of Ranvier

also may contain :myelin sheath

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6
Q

what is the role of the cell body

A

it uses mitochondria ,endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes for the production of neurotransmitters

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7
Q

what is contained within the cell body of a neurone

A

contains the nucleus which is surrounded by the cytoplasm

-also contains endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and ribosomes

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7
Q

role of neurotransmitters

A

pass signals from one neurone to the text

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8
Q

describe the structure of dendrons

A
  • short extension which come from the cell body
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9
Q

what is the name of the smaller branches dendrons divide into

A

dendrites

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10
Q

role of dendrons

A

they are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses towards the body

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11
Q

describe the structure of an axon

A

singular ,elongated nerve fibre, has a cylindrical shape,

consists of narrow region of cytoplasm

and it is surrounded by a layers of plasma membrane-myelin sheath- if myelinated neurone

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12
Q

role of an axon

A

transmits impulses away from the cell body

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13
Q

what are the three types of neurones

A

-sensory neuron
-motor neuron
-relay neurone

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13
Q

how do cells in the nervous system communicate

A

cells secrete neurotransmitters which send signals to adjacent cells

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14
Q

how do cells in the hormonal system communicate

A

cells release hormones ,they then travel in the blood and act as signals to distant cells

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15
Q

role of sensory neurone

A

it transmits electrical impulses from a sensory receptor cell to the CNS

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16
Q

role of motor neurone

A

transmit electrical impulses from the relay neurones in the CNS to an effector such as a muscle or a gland

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17
Q

role of relay neurone

A

transmits /relays electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurons

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18
Q

structure of sensory neurone

A

-one dendron which carriers the electrical impulse to the cell body

-one axon which carries the impulse away from the cell body

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19
Q

structure of motor neurone

A

one long axon, many short dentrites

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20
Q

structure of relay neurone

A

have short axons and dendrites

21
Q

describe the difference in structure between a myelinated ad non-myelinated neurone.

Explain how this affects the speed a nerve impulse is trasmitted

A

Axon of a myelinated neurone is covered in myelin sheath(1);

myelin sheath is an electrical
insulator (1);

Myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells growing around the axon several times (1);

there
are gaps in the myelin sheath known as nodes of Ranvier (1);
Why do myelinated neurones transmit faster?

-have gaps called node of Ranvier

This allows electrical impulses to
‘jump from one node to the next/saltatory conduction (1);

-in unmyelinated neurones the impulse does not jump -

it transmits continuously along the nerve fibre ,making it slower

Therefore ,impulse transmitted much faster in myelinated neurone in unmyelinated axon (1).

22
Q

what is myelin sheath made of

A

Myelin sheath is made of many layers of plasma membrane.

Schwann cells growing around the axon several times produce these layers (1)

-each time they grow around the axon a double layer of phospholipid bilayer forms

23
Q

role of myelin sheath

A

acts as a electrical insulating layer ,allowing myelinated neurons to transmit impulses at a much faster speed than unmyelinated neurones

100metres per second vs 1 metre per a second for the unmyelinated

24
Q

what is the direction of impulse

A

from dendrites to axon so left to right

25
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease that results in thinning or complete loss of myelin sheath,

can result in breakdown of axons and neurones

26
Q

why are the sensory receptors described as transducers

A

they are transducers because they convert the energy of a stimulus into electrical energy

27
Q

role of dendrites

A

-they connect with other neurones

-also carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the cell body

28
Q

compare structures of relay neurone and sensory neurone

A

-both have short dendrites ,
-they both have an axon to carry the impulses away from the cell body

however,

in relay neurone the dendrites lead straight to the cell body,

whereas in sensory neurone there is a long dendron connecting the dendrites to the cell body

29
Q

what is homeostasis maintained by

A

the nervous and hormonal system

30
Q

explain the nervous pathway

A

1 - a receptor cell in a sense organ detects a stimuli and initiates an electrical impulse .

2-The sensory neurone recieves the electrical impulse from the receptors via the dendrites , and carries/sends /transmits the electrical impulse from the receptors to the CNS

3-the dendrites of the relay neurones in the CNS then receive the signal from the sensory neurone and relay the electrical impulse to the motor neurone

4-then the motor neurones receives the signal via the dendrites and carries the electrical impulse from the CNS to effectors like muscles/gland

5-effectors carry out the required response

31
Q

role of sensory,motor and relay neurones

A

sensory-transmit electrical impulses from receptors to the CNS

motor-transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

relay-relay electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurones

32
Q

what is the difference in the structure of the sensory neurone

A
  • one long dendron

-the cell body branches of in the middle of the neurone

  • one axon
33
Q

structure of motor neuron

A

-large cell body at one end of the neurone

-nodes of Ranvier=myelin sheath around the axon

one -long axon

-many short dendrites

34
Q

structure of relay neurone

A

small cell body
-many short axons

-no nodes of Ranvier and myelin sheath

-short dendrites

35
Q

role of myelin sheath

A

acts as an insulating layers around the axon, increasing the speed of transmittion of nerve impulses

35
Q

how does the myeline sheath form

A

-schwann cells produce many layers of plasma membrane which wrap around the axon forming the myelin sheath

35
Q

explain how the electrical impulse is transmitted along a sensory neurone

A

-dendrites of the sensory neurone receive the signal from the receptors ,carry it to the dendron which then transmit it towards the cell body of the neurone .After it passes through the cell body its transmitted away from the cell body along the axon where it jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next speeding rate of transmitting ,reaching the axon terminals

35
Q

in what direction is the impulse transmitted

A

left to right

36
Q

explain how the electrical impulse is transmited along the relay neurone

A

-dendrites receive signal from sensory neurone, the dendron then carries it towards the cell body and then the axon carries/relays the electrical impulse away from the cell body and towards the dendrites of a motor neurone

36
Q

explain how the electrical impulse is transmited along the motor neurone

A

-receive signal from relay neurone via the dendrites,the dendron then sends the electrical impulse towards the cell body afterwhich its transmited away from the cell body via the axon and toward effectors -either muscles or glands

37
Q

what is saltatory condution and whats involved in it

A

its the speeding up of nerve impulse transmition witch the help of the myelin sheath and the nodes of Ranvier

38
Q

role of myelin sheath

A

acts as an insulating layer,speding up the rate of transmittion of electrical impulses

play a role in saltatory conduction

39
Q

what is the name of the cell that produces the myelin sheath

A

schwann cell

40
Q

what is a neurone

A

speacialised cells that carries electrical impulses around the whole body

41
Q

what is an axon

A

long fibre

42
Q

why is speed of transmition faster in myelinated neurone compared to a non-myelinated neurone

A

-myelin sheath acts as an insulation layer, causing the electrical impulse to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing speed of transmission

Whereas in non-myelinated neurone the electrical impulse travels more slowly as it moves through he whole length of the axon

43
Q

whats a myelinated neurone and a non-myelinated neurone

A

myelinated has myelin sheath around it axon,the other does not

44
Q

what are the node of Ranvier

A

unmyelinated sections along the axon

44
Q

whats the end of the axon known as

A

axon terminal

45
Q

where are relay neurones found

A

in the CNS

45
Q

https://quizlet.com/939264531/autosaved

A
45
Q

https://pmt.physicsandmathstutor.com/download/Biology/A-level/Notes/OCR-A/5-Communication-Homeostasis-and-Energy/Flashcards/Flashcards%20-%20Topic%205.1.3%20Neuronal%20Communication%20-%20OCR%20(A)%20Biology%20A-level.pdf

A
46
Q

https://quizlet.com/409880328/flashcards?funnelUUID=2c7d88bd-46cb-45a8-b4f5-aa4a05cd9866

A
47
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

Action potentials/electrical impulses can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier, where there is no myelin insulation.

Therefore, localized action potentials/electrical impulses jump from node to node, traveling much faster. This phenomenon is known as saltatory conduction.

module 13 (4 decks)

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