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Neurology > Neurons and Microglia > Flashcards

Neurons and Microglia Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 cytoskeleton components of neurons

A

fibrillar proteins
microtubules
microfilaments
neurofilaments

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2
Q

what are nissl bodies

A

RNA in free ribosomes and rER

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3
Q

where are nissl bodies found

A

everywhere except axon hillock and axon

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4
Q

what is the function of nissl bodies

A

protein synthesis

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of synapses

A

axodendritic
axodendritic with dendritic spine
electrical
dendrodendtitic

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6
Q

what is neuropil

A

synapse region with glial processes, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

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7
Q

what is the structure of a gap junction

A

6 molecules of connexin make up a hemichannel
2 hemochannels (one from each opposing membrane makes up a gap junction

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8
Q

what is the arrangement of neurofilaments

A

3x2

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9
Q

what is the function of microtubules (2)

A

fast anterograde axonal transport
axon regrowth

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10
Q

in what diseases do neurofilaments become tangled up

A

Alzheimers
Lou Gehrig’s
Charcot Marie Tooth

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11
Q

what is the function of microfilament

A

motility of growth cone during development

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12
Q

what are the functions of dendrites (2)

A

increase SA for signal reception
integrate signals

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13
Q

what is the function of dendritic spines

A

enhance synaptic surface area

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14
Q

what is the plasma membrane of the axon called

A

axolemma

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15
Q

which is fast/slow/both:
anterograde axon transport
retrograde axon transport

A

anterograde- fast and slow
retrograde- fast

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16
Q

fast, retrograde axonal transport uses what motor protein

A

dynein

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17
Q

fast, anterograde axonal transport uses what motor protein

A

kinesin

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18
Q

what gets transported fast retrograde

A

vesicle membrane remnants
reuptaken neurochemicals
nerve growth factors
cholera toxin
bacteria/viruses

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19
Q

what gets transported fast anterograde

A

pre-propeptides
enzymes required for processing of neuropeptides

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20
Q

what gets transported with slow anterograde axonal transport

A

neurofilaments
microtubules
enzymes required for small molecule neurotransmitter synthesis

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21
Q

what are 2 locations where multipolar neurons are located

A

ventral horn of spinal cord
pyramidal cells of layer V

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22
Q

where are bipolar neurons located (3)

A

retinal neurons
olfactory neurons
cochlear/vestibular ganglia

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23
Q

where are pseudo-unipolar neurons found

A

dorsal root ganglion cells
sensory ganglion of CN V, VII, VIII, and X

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24
Q

what neuron structure type is formed from bipolar neurons

A

pseudo-unipolar

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25
Q

where are unipolar neurons found

A

sensory cells of cochlea
vestibular ganglion cells

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26
Q

how are golgi type 1 and type 2 projection types different

A

type 1- principle and projecting neurons with long axons
type 2- intrinsic neurons with short axons acting locally

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27
Q

are interneurons golgi type 1 or 2

A

2

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28
Q

what are spindle neuons

A

large neurons with fat, elongated soma with few dendrites

29
Q

in what regions of the brain are spindle neurons found

A

anterior cingulate cortex
fronto-insular cortex
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

30
Q

___ neurons are though to be the first among neurons damaged in diseases like Alzheimers and frontotemporal dementia

A

specialized spindle

31
Q

what are the connective coverings in the peripheral NS

A

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

32
Q

what are the connective coverings in the central NS

A

only endoneurium

33
Q

the neocortex has 2 broad categories of neurons; __ and __

A

pyramidal and non-pyramidal

34
Q

what neurotransmitter do pyramidal cells release

A

glutamate

35
Q

do pyramidal cells release an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

excitatory (glutamate)

36
Q

how do pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells of the neocortex differ in their projection location

A

pyramidal project to other cortical areas or out of the cortex
non-pyramidal do not project outside the neocortex

37
Q

non-pyramidal cells of the neocortex release what neurotransmitter

A

GABA

38
Q

do non-pyramidal cells of the neocortex release an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory

39
Q

large diameter pyramidal cells in the M1 (motor cortex), layer 5 region are called __

A

Betz cells

40
Q

what are the 5 classes of neuroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
radial glia
microglia
ependymal cells

41
Q

what is the function of protoplasmic astrocytes (2)

A

metabolic function to facilitate exchange of nutrients between blood vessels and neurons
provide limiting membrane on blood vessels and pia

42
Q

what is the function of fibrous aatrocytes

A

form scar tissue

43
Q

in white matter, oligodendrocytes are called __
in grey matter, oligodendrocytes are called __

A

white- interfascicular
grey- perineural

44
Q

what are radial glia cells

A

progenitors of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes

*they degenerate once the cerebral cortex is developed

45
Q

what is the function of radial glia cells

A

act as a scaffold for migration of cortical cells

46
Q

what is the function of mircroglia

A

phagocytosis

47
Q

what are the 3 types of ependymal cells

A

ependymocytes
tanycytes
choroidal epithelial cells

48
Q

what is the main function f ependymocytes

A

produce CSF

49
Q

what is the main function of choroidal epithelial cells

A

form tight junctions
line choroid plexus of ventricles
production and secretion of CSF
absorption of CSF

50
Q

what cells are the site of the blood-CSF barrier

A

choroidal epithelial cells

51
Q

the choroid plexus is the site of the ___

A

blood CSF barrier

52
Q

the blood CSF is made of __ cells
the blood brain barrier is made of __ cell
endo or epithelial cells

A

blood CSF= epithelial
blood brain= endothelial

53
Q

what cells help form the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

54
Q

how does myelin production differ in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS- oligodendrocytes produce myelin that covers up to 60 neurons
PNS- Schwann cells produce myelin that covers one neurons

55
Q

what are the symptoms of Guillian Barre syndrome (4)

A

ascending muscle weakness
loss of proprioception
areflexia
deep aching muscle pain

56
Q

Guillian Barre syndrome can be caused by a descending version. This version is called ___

A

Miller Fisher Syndrome

57
Q

what are the symptoms of Charcot Marie Tooth disease

A

ascending muscle weakness in foot and lower limbs (can lead to hammertoes, footdrop, etc.)
neuropathic pain, numbness/tingling

58
Q

what is the cause of symptoms in multiple sclerosis

A

damaged nerve myelination

59
Q

what is primary active MS

A

increasing disability
attack episodes
gets worse between attack episodes

60
Q

what is primary not active MS

A

steady increase in disability
no attacks

61
Q

what is relapsing remitting MS

A

increasing disability
attacks
does not get worse between attacks

*most common progression type

62
Q

what are the 2 main treatments for MS

A

interferons
glatiramer acetate

63
Q

what is being looked for in brain scan to diagnose MS

A

demyelinating brain lesion in optic nerve (left)
demyelinating plaques (Dawson Fingers) near ventricles and around occipital lobe (right)

64
Q

how does diabetes lead to diabetic polyneuropathy

A

minimal circulation to hands/feet–>hypoxia –>degeneration of nerves–>polyneuropathy

65
Q

what is neurofibromatosis

A

tumor of neural tissue (glia or neurons)

66
Q

how does type I neurofibromatosis differ from type II

A

I- tumors of neural tissue in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral tissue
II- acoustic neuroma of CN VIII–>deafness

67
Q

what type of neuronal damage is reversible

A

mitochondria swelling
ER
cellular swelling

68
Q

what type of neuronal damage is irreversible

A

Ca2+ deposits in the mitochondria
cytomembrane ruptures

69
Q

what type of neuronal damage leads to cell death

A

pyknosis (nucleus shrinks)
karyorrhexis (nucleus falls apart, becomes eccentric)
karyolysis (nucleus disappears)

Neurology (11 decks)

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