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Physiology > Neurons and Glia > Flashcards

Neurons and Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What two things are composed of neurons and glia?

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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2
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Processing information and conducting electrical impusles

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3
Q

What is function of glia?

A

Mechanical and metabolic support

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4
Q

What 3 things makes up the neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body (soma)
  3. Axon
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5
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Recieve information from other neurons (the input part of the neuron)

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6
Q

What is the axon?

A

Conveys information to other nerve cells (the output part of the neuron)

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7
Q

How many axons do neurons normally have?

A

Just one that emerges from the cell body

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8
Q

What are the dendrites and axons sometimes collectively known?

A

Neurites

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9
Q

What two things make up the cell body?

A

The nucleus and the cytoplasm (perikaryon)

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10
Q

What is different between the nucleus in a neuron as compared to another cell?

A

Adult neurons do not replicate and the DNA is only involved in protein synthesis (it a blueprint for construction of neuronal components)

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11
Q

What manufactures the ribosomes of the neurons?

A

The nucleolus

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12
Q

The combination of ER and ribosomes is called the rough ER; what else can they be called?

A

Nissl bodies (seen by nissl staining)

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13
Q

Where are microtubules found in the neruon and what are they responsible for?

A

The dendrites, cell body and axon and are responsible for transporting packaged proteins

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14
Q

What else are the microtubules involved in that provides support for the neruon?

A

The form the cytoskeleton

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15
Q

What are lipofucin bodies in neurons?

A

The scrap yard of the neuron which contains the waste products of the old cells

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16
Q

What cellular components have a similar function in neurons as they do in normal cells?

A

Ribosomes, the golgi apparatus, mitochondria and lysosomes

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17
Q

What do the dendrites mainly contain in terms of cellular components?

A

Mitochondria and free ribosomes

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18
Q

What the connections with other neurons formed in the dendrites known as?

A

Synapses

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19
Q

What specialised structures of the dendrites and the synapses usually made on?

A

Spines

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20
Q

What are the four parts of the axon?

A
  1. The axon hillock
  2. The axon proper
  3. Axon collaterals
  4. The axon terminals
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21
Q

What the axon hillock?

A

The part of the axon that emerges from the cell body and contains lots of voltage gated ion channels to generate action potentials

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22
Q

What is the axon proper?

A

The main part of the axon

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23
Q

What is the axon collaterals?

A

The branches of the axon that go off to numerous locations

24
Q

What is the axon terminals?

A

Swellings (boutons) that form synpases

25
Q

Why is important that axons have a transport for proteins?

A

Because they dont contain ribosomes to make their own proteins

26
Q

How does transport to the axon occur and what is this known as?

A

Along microtubules in axoplasmic transport

27
Q

How fast is axoplasmic transport?

A

Very fast - 1000mm/day

28
Q

What is axoplasmic transport towards the cell body called?

A

Retrograde transport

29
Q

What is axoplasmic transport away from the cell body called?

A

Anterograde transport

30
Q

Why would retrograde transport be useful?

A

To get rid of waste products back to the soma for them to be broken down

31
Q

What are the 5 ways to classify neurons?

A
  1. Number of neurites
  2. Shape
  3. Connections
  4. Axons
  5. Neurotransmitters
32
Q

What are the three types of neurons classified under number of neurites?

A

Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar

33
Q

What is an example of a unipolar neuron?

A

Sensory neurons

34
Q

What is an example of a bipolar neuron?

A

That ones connecting the rods and cones in the eyes to the brain

35
Q

What kind of shapes can neurons have?

A

Pyramidal, stellate

36
Q

What 3 types of neurons are there in the classification based on connections?

A
  1. Primary sensory neurons
  2. Motoneurons
  3. Interneurons
37
Q

What are primary sensory neurons?

A

Neurons that form connection with sensory surfaces (skin, retina etc)

38
Q

What are the motoneurons?

A

Neurons that form connections with muscles

39
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons that form connections with other neurons

40
Q

What are the two types of neurons classified under axons?

A
  1. Golgi type 1 (long axons)

2. Golgi type 2 (local axons)

41
Q

What are examples of three neurons classified under neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Cholinergic neurons (release acetylcholine)
  2. Glutamergic neurons (glutamide)
  3. Peptitergic neurons (peptides)
42
Q

How much of the brain is composed of glia?

A

90%

43
Q

What are the three classes of glia?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
44
Q

What are astrocytes and oligodendrocytes sometimes collectively known?

A

Macroglia

45
Q

What is the most numerous type of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

46
Q

Name two functions of the astrocytes:

A
  1. Repair in damaged neurons

2. Regulate flow of ions and molecules in the extracellular fluid

47
Q

How many organelles do astrocytes contain?

A

Very few

48
Q

How many organelles do oligodendrocytes contain?

A

Lots

49
Q

What is the main function of oligodendrocytes?

A

They make myelin that forms a sheath around the axons of neurons?

50
Q

What is myelin composed of?

A

Lipids

51
Q

The myelin sheath around the axon is not continuous; what are the gaps in it called?

A

The nodes of ranvier

52
Q

What do the Node of Ranvier do?

A

Increase the speed of electrical conduction of the axon

53
Q

In what part of the nervous system do oligodendrocytes make myelin?

A

The central nervous system

54
Q

What makes myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann Cells

55
Q

What are microglia?

A

Phagocytes that remove waste

56
Q

How many neurons in the CNS nie every day that need to be removed by microglia?

A

100,000

Physiology (19 decks)

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