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Physiology > Hormones Controlling Plasma Nutrients > Flashcards

Hormones Controlling Plasma Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What tissues does insulin cause glucose to go into?

A

Skeletal muscle, the liver and adipocytes

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2
Q

How does insulin reduce the hepatic glucose output?

A

By stimulating glycogen synthesis and inhibiting glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen)

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3
Q

What does insulin do the the amino acids in the plasma?

A

Stimulates their incorportation into proteins in the muscle and fatty acids in the liver

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4
Q

What does insulin causing increased uptake of amino acids and glucose by the liver lead to?

A

Conversion to fatty acids and then to lipoproteins which are released into the blood

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5
Q

Where do the lipoproteins go once released into the blood? What action causes this?

A

To adipocytes through lipoprotein lipase action

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6
Q

What does insulin cause glucose oxidation to?

A

Fatty acids which are stored as triglycerides (lypolysis prevented)

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7
Q

What are the three long term effects caused by insulin

A
  1. Fatty acids into adipocyte store
  2. Glucose into glycogen or adipocyte fat
  3. Amino acids into protein or fatty acids
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8
Q

What cells have the receptors to sense glucose changes?

A

B-cells in the pancreatic islets

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9
Q

What happens to stimulate insulin secretion from the B-cells in the pancreatic islets

A

Calcium ions rush into the cell causing insulin release

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10
Q

What does oral glucose do to change insulin levels?

A

Effects the levels via GIP

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11
Q

What does a rise in amino acids do?

A

Increases release

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do the insulin secretion?

A

Inhibits it

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do the insulin secretion?

A

Increase it

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14
Q

What does somatostatin do the insulin secretion?

A

Inhibits it

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15
Q

What does a rise in glucagon levels do the insulin secretion?

A

Stimulate the release

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16
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

They are produced from the liver during prolonged fasting

17
Q

What do ketone bodies do to insulin secretion?

A

They stimulate it

18
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from?

A

alpha-cells in the islets

19
Q

What are the four action of glucagon?

A
  1. Adipocyte lipolysis
  2. Liver gluconegogenesis
  3. Liver glycogenolysis
  4. Liver ketone synthesis
20
Q

What does adipocyte lipolysis by glucagon cause?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol production

21
Q

What does liver gluconeogenesis and glyconeogensis cause?

A

The breakdown of proteins and glycogen into glucose

22
Q

What are ketones?

A

Small molecules derived from fatty acids that will enter the TCA when proteins are broken down

23
Q

What does insulin do to glucagon release?

A

Inhibits it

24
Q

What does low blood glucose levels do to glucagon release?

A

Stimulates it

25
Q

What does increased amino acids concentrations do to glucagon release?

A

It increases it

26
Q

Why is glucagon released when insulin is released in high concentrations of amino acids?

A

Glucagon counteracts the hypoglycemia during amino acid uptake

27
Q

What do amino acids in the intestinal luman do?

A

Cause CCK release

28
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Stimulates glucagon release

29
Q

What does increased sympathetic stimulation do the glucagon release?

A

Increases it

30
Q

What does an increase in plasma adrenaline do to glucagon release?

A

increases it

31
Q

What are the 6 effects of sympathetic stimulation with adrenaline

A
  1. Glucogen breakdown to lactate
  2. Liver gluconeogensis
  3. Liver glyconeolysis
  4. Liver lipolysis
  5. Inhibition of insulin release
  6. Activation of glucagon release
32
Q

How does cortisol affect insulin?

A

It antagonises it in the periphery

33
Q

When do plasma levels of cortisol rise?

A

Under physiological stress

34
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone?

A
  1. Increases adipocyte sensitivity to adrenaline in order for it to be broken down
  2. Increases liver gluconeogensis
  3. Reduces the effect of insulin
35
Q

What is the overall effect of cortisol?

A

Permits the rise in plasma glucose and fatty acids caused by other hormones

36
Q

What is the overall effect of growth hormone

A

Increased plasma glucose and fatty acids concentrations

Physiology (19 decks)

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