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PSYC 355 > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Nissl stain

A

Franz Nissl made a dye that stains only the nucleus and some surrounding clumps (nissl bodies)
- shows the difference between glia and neurons but didnt show real shape

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2
Q

Golgi stain

A
  • 1837
  • camillo golgi made a stain that showed all parts of the neuron (axons/dendrites and soma)
  • made of silver chromate solution
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3
Q

parts of the neuron

A
  • soma
  • dendrite
  • axon
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4
Q

cell membrane

A
  • cell skin with a lipid bilayer made of hydophilic heads and hydrophobic bodies
  • has pores/channels/pumps in it
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4
Q

Soma

A
  • cell body
  • around 20um but can vary
  • filled with cytoplams
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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

the organelles and cytosol
- not including nucleus

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6
Q

cytosol

A

slaty potassium rich aquous fluid where organelles float

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

receive input signals from other cells
- can be many
- not as long as axon

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8
Q

Axon

A
  • typically longest branch but can vary
  • sends output signals
  • can branch into axon collaterals
  • no protein synthesis (no er/ribosome)
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9
Q

Nucelus

A

sphere at the center of the soma
- abut 5-10 um
- contains chromosones with dna

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10
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

membrane with small pores that contains the nucleus

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

genetic code

A

blueprint for making proteins

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13
Q

DNA

A
  • would be 2 meter
  • contains in 46 chromosones
  • each cell has the same dna but uses different parts
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14
Q

complementary chromosome pairs

A

adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosin

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15
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

maze of mebrane dotted with ribosomes

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16
Q

ribosomes

A

where proteins are assembled
- not all of them are in the ER

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies proteins and packages them for export
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18
Q

smooth ER

A

folding of proteins and regulates internal concentration of calcium

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces ATP from pyruvic acid and O2

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

maintains the shape of the cell
- contains microtubules, neurofilaments, microfilaments
- dynamic

21
Q

microtubules

A
  • large and hollow
  • made of tubulin
  • run down the neurites
  • biggest
22
Q

Neurofilaments

A
  • very strong
  • coiled
  • medium
23
Q

microfilament

A
  • built from actin
  • dynamically adjust cell shape
  • smallest
24
Q

gene expression

A
  • reading the DNA
25
Q

if cells have the same DNA how are they different?

A

Because of proteins

26
Q

function of proteins

A
  1. determine structure (cytoskeleton) (actin/tubulin are proteins)
  2. determine the function of neurons
    - chemical reactions
    - properties of cell membrane
27
Q

protein properties of cell membrane

A
  • neuroreceptors on dendrites
  • channels on axons
28
Q

Structure of proteins

A
  • proteins are made combinations of 20 amino acids
  • can be primary, secondary, tertiary or quartiary
  • shape determines its function
  • shape destroyed by heat
29
Q

polypeptides

A

long chains of amino acids

30
Q

amino acids

A

has a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group and a residue (R group)
- residue affects it shape because can be hydrophillic or phobic
- order of amino acid determined by DNA

31
Q

what is a gene made up of

A
  • its a sequence of codons that make up a given protein
32
Q

Transcription

A
  • copying of DNA onto RNA because it cant leave nucleus so it need a copy
  • Adenine with Uracil
  • goes to ribosomes (mRNA)
33
Q

translation

A

making the protein from the ribosomes
- each amino acid is coded by 3 bases
- to make a protein which is sometimes cut from larger pieces

34
Q

ER vs free ribosomes

A
  • proteins made from free riosomes stay in cytosol (enzymes) and on the ER will go to organelles or membrane
35
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

mutation of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosone which should make a protein called FMRP
- but too many CGG repeats turns this gene off and will not make FMRP which causes intellectual delays
- males more affected

36
Q

Axon terminal

A

end of axon (terminal button)
- contains vesicles
- no microtubules
- many mitochondria

37
Q

Anterograde Axoplasmic transport

A

Kenesin legs move the vesicles down microtubules (uses ATP)
- fast

38
Q

retrograde

A
  • transport protein from terminal to soma to tell about metabolic changes
  • uses dynein legs
39
Q

types of dendrites

A

shape: pyramidal or stellate
spine: spiny or aspynous
- spines add surface areas

40
Q

classifying neurons

A
  1. number of neurites (unipolar, bipolar or multipolar)
  2. dendrite types (shape/spine)
  3. connections (motor/sensory/internueron)
  4. axon length (short/long –>golgi I/II)
  5. NT type
41
Q

Glia

A
  • supporting cells
  • make up 50% of cells in the brain
  • some can modulate communication between neurons
  • many types with different functions
42
Q

Glia in the CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • ependymel
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
43
Q

Glia in PNS

A
  • satelite cells
  • Shwan cells
44
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • star shapes
  • physical support to neurons
  • support neuronal metabolism (carries nutrients from capillaries)
  • regulate extracellulare fluid
  • help with BBB
  • carry Nt receptors
45
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • myelinate in the CNS
  • one cell insulates many axon segments
  • anchoring of the axons
46
Q

Schwan cells

A
  • also myleinate but in the PNS
  • one cells insulates one axons
47
Q

Microglia

A
  • smallest of the glia cells
  • active immune defense in the CNS
  • protect from invaders and clean up waste
48
Q

neuron doctrine

A

each neuron is its own entity and is separated from other by small spaces
- Cajal
- took 50 years to prove him right

49
Q

Reticular theory

A
  • neurons are not distinct. they are fused and act as a whole
  • Golgi
  • can kinda be right if we look at gap junctions

PSYC 355 (6 decks)

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