Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
rostral
A
- anterior
- front
- near nose
2
Q
caudal
A
- posterior
- back
3
Q
dorsal
A
top/up
4
Q
ventral
A
bottom/down
5
Q
lateral
A
- side
- further from midline
6
Q
medial
A
close to midline
7
Q
planes of section
A
- midsagittal
- horizontal
- coronal
8
Q
midsagittal plane
A
cutting brain between the 2 hemispheres
- a sagitta plane would be anything parallel to this line
9
Q
horizontal plane
A
- splits into dorsal and ventral parts
10
Q
coronal plane
A
- splits into anterior and posterior
11
Q
major divisions of the CNS
A
- cerebrum
- brain stem
- cerebellum
12
Q
what is the cerebrum
A
- biggest part of the brain
- split in two hemispheres
- rostral
13
Q
brain stem
A
- stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and vcerebellum sprout
- relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum
- vital functions
14
Q
cerebellum
A
- behind the cerebrum
- movement center
15
Q
Spinal canal
A
tissues that expanded inside the neural tube which created the narrow ventricle that is filled with CSF
16
Q
branches of spinal nerves
A
- dorsal root
- ventral root
17
Q
dorsal root
A
has axons entering the spinal cord with sensory information (afferent)
- the cell bodies are outside in the dorsal root ganglia
18
Q
Ventral root
A
has axons that carry motor (efferent) information out of the spinal cord
- cells bodies inside the spinal cord
19
Q
Grey matter of the spinal cord
A
- in the center
- where the cell bodies are
20
Q
white matter of the spinal cord
A
area on the outsides made up of myelinated axons
21
Q
parts of the PNS
A
- somatic: voluntary
- visceral: automatic
22
Q
Meninges
A
membrane that wraps around the brain and spinal cord to protect it
- made up of three layers
23
Q
layers of the meninges
A
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
24
Q
dura mater
A
- top most layer of the meninges
- very tough and protective
25
arachnoid mater
- meninges layer below dura mater
- spider web appearance and consistency
- made of connective tissue
26
subarachnoid space
space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that separates the arachnoid and pia mater
27
Pia mater
smallest layer closest to the cortex
- carries small vessels
28
Cerebrospinal fluid
- bathes the brain and the spinal cord
- acts as a shock absorber
- there are 4 ventricles that hold it
- made in the choroid plexus
29
steps of neurulation
1. flat disk embryo
2. ectoderm turns into neural plate
3. folds into the neural groove
-4. neural folds fuse together to form the neural tube
5. neural crest is pinched off
30
layers of the embryo
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
31
neural plate
made from the ectoderm
- it folds to create the tube
32
neural tube
the entirety of the nervous system develops from the neural tube
33
neural crest
all neurons and cell bodies in the PNS are derived from the neural crest
34
anencephaly
- when the neural tube does not close so the forebrain and skull dont develop
- fatal
35
spina bifida
- the posterior part of the neural tube does not close correctly
36
first differentiations from the neural tube
- the spinal cord forms first from the caudal part of the neural tube
- three vesicles form the brain from the rostral part of the tube
37
primary vesicles
1. prosencephalon = forebrain
2. mesencephalon = midbrian
3. rhombencephalon = hindbrain
38
secondary vesicles of prosencephalon
- optic vesicle
- telencephalic vesicle
- diencephalon
39
diencephalon
- in the forebrain
- middle part between the outgrowths
- contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
40
telencephalon
- in the forebrain
- aka enbrain
- the two cerebral hemispheres
- contains the olfactory bulbs, hemispheres and basal ganglia
- cover the forebrain and hindbrain
41
lateral ventricles
- fluid filled space in each central hemisphere
- surrounded by the telencephalon in the forebrain
42
third ventricle
- space in the center of the diencephalon
- in the forebrain
43
hypothalamus
- in the diencephalon of the forebrain
- controls automatic reactions and fight or flight responses
44
thalamus
- in diencephalon of the forebrain
- relay station for sensory processing
45
grey matter systems in the telencephalon
1. cerebral cortex
2. basal telencephalon
46
cerebral cortex
- outer layer of the brain
- what makes us human
- receives sensory information
- commands voluntary movement
- made of grey matter that is folded
47
basal telencephalon
- in the telencepahlon of the forebrain
- deep inside
- contains the basal ganglia which communicate
48
white matter systems in the telencephalon
1. cortical white matter
2. corpus callosum
3. internal capsule
49
cortical white matter
- contains axons that run to and from the neurons in the cerebral cortex
50
corpus callosum
forms thick axonal bridge that connects the two hemispheres
51
internal capsule
links the cortex with the brain stem
52
function of the forebrain
the seat of perception, consciousness, cognition and voluntary action
53
mesencephalon
- midbrain
- contain the tectum, tagmentum, and cerebral aqueduct
54
tectum
- the dorsal part of the mesencephalic vesicle
- contains the inferior and superior colliculus
55
superior colliculus
receives direct input from the eye and control eye movement
56
inferior colliculus
relay station for auditory information
57
tegmentum
- floor of the mesencephalic
- voluntary movement, regulating consciousness, mood, pleasure and pain
58
cerebral aqueduct
- narrow passage of CSF in the midbrain that connects to the third ventricle of the diencephalon
59
function of the midbrain
- channel for information form spinal cord and forebrain
- sensory neurons, motor neurons, and consciousness mood pleasure and pain
60
rhombencephalon
- hindbrain
- contains the cerebellum, pons, medulla, and fourth ventricle
- has two halves: the metencephalon and the meyelencephalon
61
fourth ventricle
- the CSF ventricle in the hindbrain that connects to the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
62
metencephalon
- rostral part of the hindbrain
- contains the cerebellum and pons
63
cerebellum
- formed by the rhombic lip in the hindbrain
- dorsal to pons
- movement control center
- receives information from the pons and spinal cord
64
pons
- grows ventrally under the cerebellum
- links brain to spinal cords
- carry sensory and motor info
- transmits signals between forebrain and cerebellum
- "bridge"
65
myelencephalon
- caudal part of the hindbrain
- contains the medulla
- has many myelinated fibers
66
medulla obloganda
- control things like breathing
- contains medullary pyramids (white matter) --> makes things cross over to contralateral sides
67
functions of the hindbrain
- conduit for info passing from forebrain to spinal cord
68
sulci
grooves in the cortex
69
gurus
bumps in the cortex
70
common feature of animal cerebral cortices
1. its separated in layers
2. the layer closest to pia mater is separated by a zone without neurons
3. has one layer with pyramidal cells
70
lobes of the cerebrum
1. frontal
2. temporal
3. parietal
4. occipital
5. insula
70
insula cortex
taste and feelings like disgust
- processes immune information
70
central sulcus
deep sulci that separates the frontal and parietal lobes
71
3 major divisions of the cortex
1. neocortex
2. paleocortex
3. archicortex
72
neocortex
- has 6 layers
- only in mammals
- newest layers
- the different layers have different functions
73
paleocortex
- olfactory cortex
- has 2 layers
- seprated by rhinal fissure
74
archicortex
- has the hippocampus
- one layer folded on itself
- responsible for memories
75
cytoarchitectural map
broadmann separated the cortex into areas based on their cytoarchitectures
- the difference in cytoarchitecture suggests differences in functions
76
types of cortex
1. sensory
2. motor
3. association
77
association areas
- all the areas that are not motor or sensory
- a lot of areas
- the mind and personality (mental states)
78
amygdala
- emotional processing
- fear
- telencephalon
- deep in the temporal lobe
79
hippocampus
- seahorse
- memory
- next to amydgala in the temporal lobe
80
