Neuroanatomy Flashcards
rostral
- anterior
- front
- near nose
caudal
- posterior
- back
dorsal
top/up
ventral
bottom/down
lateral
- side
- further from midline
medial
close to midline
planes of section
- midsagittal
- horizontal
- coronal
midsagittal plane
cutting brain between the 2 hemispheres
- a sagitta plane would be anything parallel to this line
horizontal plane
- splits into dorsal and ventral parts
coronal plane
- splits into anterior and posterior
major divisions of the CNS
- cerebrum
- brain stem
- cerebellum
what is the cerebrum
- biggest part of the brain
- split in two hemispheres
- rostral
brain stem
- stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and vcerebellum sprout
- relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum
- vital functions
cerebellum
- behind the cerebrum
- movement center
Spinal canal
tissues that expanded inside the neural tube which created the narrow ventricle that is filled with CSF
branches of spinal nerves
- dorsal root
- ventral root
dorsal root
has axons entering the spinal cord with sensory information (afferent)
- the cell bodies are outside in the dorsal root ganglia
Ventral root
has axons that carry motor (efferent) information out of the spinal cord
- cells bodies inside the spinal cord
Grey matter of the spinal cord
- in the center
- where the cell bodies are
white matter of the spinal cord
area on the outsides made up of myelinated axons
parts of the PNS
- somatic: voluntary
- visceral: automatic
Meninges
membrane that wraps around the brain and spinal cord to protect it
- made up of three layers
layers of the meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
dura mater
- top most layer of the meninges
- very tough and protective
arachnoid mater
- meninges layer below dura mater
- spider web appearance and consistency
- made of connective tissue
subarachnoid space
space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that separates the arachnoid and pia mater
Pia mater
smallest layer closest to the cortex
- carries small vessels
Cerebrospinal fluid
- bathes the brain and the spinal cord
- acts as a shock absorber
- there are 4 ventricles that hold it
- made in the choroid plexus
steps of neurulation
- flat disk embryo
- ectoderm turns into neural plate
- folds into the neural groove
-4. neural folds fuse together to form the neural tube - neural crest is pinched off
layers of the embryo
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
neural plate
made from the ectoderm
- it folds to create the tube
neural tube
the entirety of the nervous system develops from the neural tube
neural crest
all neurons and cell bodies in the PNS are derived from the neural crest
anencephaly
- when the neural tube does not close so the forebrain and skull dont develop
- fatal
spina bifida
- the posterior part of the neural tube does not close correctly
first differentiations from the neural tube
- the spinal cord forms first from the caudal part of the neural tube
- three vesicles form the brain from the rostral part of the tube
primary vesicles
- prosencephalon = forebrain
- mesencephalon = midbrian
- rhombencephalon = hindbrain
secondary vesicles of prosencephalon
- optic vesicle
- telencephalic vesicle
- diencephalon
diencephalon
- in the forebrain
- middle part between the outgrowths
- contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
telencephalon
- in the forebrain
- aka enbrain
- the two cerebral hemispheres
- contains the olfactory bulbs, hemispheres and basal ganglia
- cover the forebrain and hindbrain
lateral ventricles
- fluid filled space in each central hemisphere
- surrounded by the telencephalon in the forebrain
third ventricle
- space in the center of the diencephalon
- in the forebrain
hypothalamus
- in the diencephalon of the forebrain
- controls automatic reactions and fight or flight responses
thalamus
- in diencephalon of the forebrain
- relay station for sensory processing
grey matter systems in the telencephalon
- cerebral cortex
- basal telencephalon
cerebral cortex
- outer layer of the brain
- what makes us human
- receives sensory information
- commands voluntary movement
- made of grey matter that is folded
basal telencephalon
- in the telencepahlon of the forebrain
- deep inside
- contains the basal ganglia which communicate
white matter systems in the telencephalon
- cortical white matter
- corpus callosum
- internal capsule
cortical white matter
- contains axons that run to and from the neurons in the cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
forms thick axonal bridge that connects the two hemispheres
internal capsule
links the cortex with the brain stem
function of the forebrain
the seat of perception, consciousness, cognition and voluntary action
mesencephalon
- midbrain
- contain the tectum, tagmentum, and cerebral aqueduct
tectum
- the dorsal part of the mesencephalic vesicle
- contains the inferior and superior colliculus
superior colliculus
receives direct input from the eye and control eye movement
inferior colliculus
relay station for auditory information
tegmentum
- floor of the mesencephalic
- voluntary movement, regulating consciousness, mood, pleasure and pain
cerebral aqueduct
- narrow passage of CSF in the midbrain that connects to the third ventricle of the diencephalon
function of the midbrain
- channel for information form spinal cord and forebrain
- sensory neurons, motor neurons, and consciousness mood pleasure and pain
rhombencephalon
- hindbrain
- contains the cerebellum, pons, medulla, and fourth ventricle
- has two halves: the metencephalon and the meyelencephalon
fourth ventricle
- the CSF ventricle in the hindbrain that connects to the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
metencephalon
- rostral part of the hindbrain
- contains the cerebellum and pons
cerebellum
- formed by the rhombic lip in the hindbrain
- dorsal to pons
- movement control center
- receives information from the pons and spinal cord
pons
- grows ventrally under the cerebellum
- links brain to spinal cords
- carry sensory and motor info
- transmits signals between forebrain and cerebellum
- “bridge”
myelencephalon
- caudal part of the hindbrain
- contains the medulla
- has many myelinated fibers
medulla obloganda
- control things like breathing
- contains medullary pyramids (white matter) –> makes things cross over to contralateral sides
functions of the hindbrain
- conduit for info passing from forebrain to spinal cord
sulci
grooves in the cortex
gurus
bumps in the cortex
common feature of animal cerebral cortices
- its separated in layers
- the layer closest to pia mater is separated by a zone without neurons
- has one layer with pyramidal cells
lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
- insula
insula cortex
taste and feelings like disgust
- processes immune information
central sulcus
deep sulci that separates the frontal and parietal lobes
3 major divisions of the cortex
- neocortex
- paleocortex
- archicortex
neocortex
- has 6 layers
- only in mammals
- newest layers
- the different layers have different functions
paleocortex
- olfactory cortex
- has 2 layers
- seprated by rhinal fissure
archicortex
- has the hippocampus
- one layer folded on itself
- responsible for memories
cytoarchitectural map
broadmann separated the cortex into areas based on their cytoarchitectures
- the difference in cytoarchitecture suggests differences in functions
types of cortex
- sensory
- motor
- association
association areas
- all the areas that are not motor or sensory
- a lot of areas
- the mind and personality (mental states)
amygdala
- emotional processing
- fear
- telencephalon
- deep in the temporal lobe
hippocampus
- seahorse
- memory
- next to amydgala in the temporal lobe
