neurones+synaptic transmission

Question 1

neuronal cells

Answer 1

-recive/transmit electrical signals called nerve impulse/action potentials

Question 2

neural transmission-nerve impulses

Answer 2

-NI only occur if enough positively charged particles enter neuron to trigger large positve change in voltage
-nerve impulsles is big change is volatge thats triggered in cell body
-nerve impulse only generated if theres a chnage in voltage at body+change is large
-goes dendrites-cell body-axon-axon terminal

Question 3

step 1

Answer 3

The nerve impulse arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal, causing the synaptic vesicles to travel down to the pre-synaptic membrane

Question 4

step 2

Answer 4

-synaptic vesicle +pre synaptic membrane fuse causing neurotransmitters to be released into synaptic cleft

Question 5

step 3

Answer 5

-neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft towards postsyanptic terminal +bind to receptors

Question 6

step 4

Answer 6

-receptors block positvely charged particles from ocming in but when the neurotransmitters bind to receptor they open a gate for positvely charged particles to enter
-they cause small positive voltage change in dendrites, more it happens the bigger the change in voltage becomes
=nerve impulse

Question 7

step 5

Question 8

proteins are

Answer 8

-molecules produced by genes
-molecules that keep r bodies alive+functioning properly

Question 9

step 5: reuptake

Answer 9

-process of removing neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft
-taken up by reuptake proteins
-neurotransmitters r released from receptors+removed via process of reuptake

Question 10

summation

=add up/summate

Answer 10

multiple changes in voltage, triggers by neurotransmitter release add up together
caused by……
1. occurs when multiple nerve impulses occur in pre synaotic neuron in close succesion
-triggers fast changes in voltage in post synaptic neuron which add up=nerve impulse

1. multiple nerve impulses occur at multiple synapses at same time

Question 11

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 11

-lead to inhibitory post synaptic potentials
-cause negatively charged particles to enter post synaptic neuron
-make nerve impulse less likely to occur
-eg gaba: used in brain

Question 12

excitatory

Answer 12

-cause positvely charged partciles to enter post synaptic neuron
-create excitatory post synaptic potentials
-make nerve impulses more likely to occur
-eg acetylcholine: released in neurons that control r muscles

Question 13

excitatory+inhibitory: summation

Answer 13

-they can summate but
-IPSPs cancel out EPSPs
-so for a nerve impulse to occur there needs to be more EPSP+ so more excitatory neurotransmitter release

-serotonin(mood)/dopamine(reward) can be either inhibitory or excitatory

Question 14

sensory neuron

skinny one w eye looking thing in middle

Answer 14

-sensory receptors in nose, ears, tounge, eyes,skin
=they recieve sensory info
-sensory neurons r located near the receptors + pick up info from them +send it towards brain
-pick up info from external world by connecting to sensory receptors
-cell body=stick outside neuron
-thick coating on axon= wall of fat that helps nerve impulses travel quicker= myelin sheath

Question 15

motor neurons

look like normal neurons but w red thing

Answer 15

-tell muscles to move = info away from brain to muscles
-Motor neurons are positioned next to muscles, and form synapses with them
-dont talk to other neurons
-synapse to muscle fibre
-axon coated w myelin sheath

Question 16

relay neurons

looks like normal neuron

Answer 16

-process+transform sensory info
-sit between the MN+SN +can communicate w both