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Biology Module 5 > Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

Neuronal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Define the nervous system

A

Electrical impulses which move through the CNS

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2
Q

Define the endocrine system

A

Release of hormones into blood

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of neurone?

A

Sensory
Motor
Relay

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4
Q

What is the role of aa Sensory receptor?

A

To detect stimuli and convert it into an electrical impulse

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5
Q

Why can receptors also be called a transducer?

A

Creates electrical signals

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6
Q

Name some features of Sensory neurones

A

Short axons
Long dendrites

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7
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

Create an electrical impulse from CNS to effectors in the muscles

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8
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Co ordination of organs to maintain optimum conditions needed to function

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9
Q

What is cell to cell signalling?

A

When a cell releases a chemical causing a change to another target cell

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10
Q

Name an example of co ordination I plants

A

Growing towards the light to maximise photosynthesis

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11
Q

Define a Sensory receptor

A

Cell which detects stimuli at receptors and turn into electrical impulse

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12
Q

Define a transducer

A

Changes a signal into another form

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13
Q

Name some properties of a pacinian corpuscles

A

Respond to pressure changes
Deep in skin
Wrapped in layers of tissue sperated by gel
Have channel proteins in membrane

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14
Q

Define a nerve impulse

A

Transmitted as an electrical impulse caused by movement of Na+ and K+ ions

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15
Q

Outline how ione move across the membrane

A

Ions move through gated channel proteins which cause a change in potential difference

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16
Q

What are the 2 pumps used in neurone membranes?

A

Na+ and K+ pump using ATP moves 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in membrane

Voltage sensitive Channels open and close depending on voltage. Cytoplasm contains negatively charged ions

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17
Q

What does polarised mean?

A

Inside I cell is more negative than outside

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18
Q

What does depolarised mean?

A

Negative to positive

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19
Q

What does repolarised mean?

A

Positive to negative

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20
Q

What is propagation?

A

Current that reaches threshold potential

21
Q

Outline an action potential

A

Neuron is polarised
Na ions move out
Action potential is reached
K ions move in
Hyperpolarisation occurs

22
Q

How is a strong or weak stimulus identified?

A

Frequency of action potentials

23
Q

What is the equation and unit for frequenc?

A

1 ÷ time (Hz)

24
Q

How many milli seconds in one second?

A

1000

25
Q

Where does diffusion of ions occur in a myelinated neurone?

A

Knodes of ranvier

26
Q

What stops an action potential from going backwards?

A

Voltage gated calcium ions

27
Q

What is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Depolarise post synaptic neurone and creates an action potential if the threshold is met

28
Q

What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Hyperpolarisation to prevent action potential

29
Q

Outline acetylcholine synaptic transmission

A
  1. Action potential causes calcium channels to open
  2. Vesicle binds to membrane to release acetylcholine in the synapse
  3. Acetylcholine docks and sodium channels to open. Sodium moves down steep concentration gradient
  4. New action potential
  5. Acetylcholine diffuses back preventing continuous action potential
  6. Ethanoic acid and choline form acetylcholine
30
Q

Define temporal summation

A

Impulses arrive in quick succession causing action potential

31
Q

Define spatial summation

A

Impulses arrive at many Synapses generating an action potential

32
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Unmyelinated neurones

33
Q

Whatbis a reflex arc?

A

Pathway of Neurones involved in reflex action

34
Q

Outline the knee jerk reflex

A

Knee is tapped under knee cap which stretches the patella tendon this is the stimulus.

Reflex arc causes extensor muscle to contract.

Contraction and relaxation of muscles causes legs to kick

35
Q

Outline the blinking reflex

A

Foreign body triggers stimulus response at Sensory neurone

Impulses travels down relay neurone at lower brain

Impulses sent across motor neurone to close eye

36
Q

What causes the blinking reflex?

A

Stultaion of the cornea as a result of loud noise or bright light

37
Q

Why are Reflexes important for survival?

A

Involuntary response
Don’t have to be learnt
Extremely quick

38
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Regulates autonomic functions

39
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Controls balance and posture

40
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

Plans and thoughts and actions

41
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates hormones and homeostasis

42
Q

What dies antagonist pair mean?

A

One muscle contractions the other relaxes

43
Q

Whay are bundles of muscle fibre called within the membrane?

A

Sarcoleomma

44
Q

What are the 2 proteins found in sacromeres?

A

Myosin and actin

45
Q

What prevents acting from binding to myosin? What resolves this issue?

A

Tropomyosin
Calcium ions correct this

46
Q

What is the A band in muscle?

A

Length of myosin

47
Q

What happens to the H zone, Z line and I band when muscles contract?

A

Move closer together and gets shorter

48
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Space between presynaptic Neurones and muscle fibres

49
Q

What causes muscles to contract?

A

Wave of depolarisation across T tubles causes calcium ions to be released by specialised reticulum which allows myosin to bind to ADP

Biology Module 5 (6 decks)

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