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KIN 335 > Neuromuscular physiology > Flashcards

Neuromuscular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

A sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle

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2
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers

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3
Q

What is the fasciculus (fascicle)?

A

A small bundle of nerve, muscle or tendon fibers

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4
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

The outermost connective tissue sheath surrounding the entire muscle

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5
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

the plasma membrane of the muscle cell and is surrounded by basement membrane and endomysial connective tissue.

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6
Q

What is a sarcoplasm?

A

the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

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7
Q

What is the myofibril?

A

long contractile fibres, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes

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8
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber.

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9
Q

What is the function of the epimysium?

A

The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle and defines its volume

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10
Q

What is the function of the perimysium?

A

transmitting lateral contractile movements

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11
Q

What is the function of the fasciculus (fascicle)?

A

primary sensory fibers that convey proprioceptive, tactile, and vibratory information from the ipsilateral side of the body

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12
Q

What is the function of the endomysium?

A

separates single muscle fibres from one another

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13
Q

What is the function of the sarcolemma?

A

acts as a barrier between the extracellular and intracellular compartments, defining the individual muscle fiber from its surroundings

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14
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasm?

A

plays a critical role in muscle contraction as an increase in Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm begins the process of filament sliding

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15
Q

What is the function of the myofibril?

A

to produce muscle contraction and relaxation

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16
Q

What is the function of the sarcomere?

A

muscular contraction

17
Q

What does actin and myosin do within muscle contraction?

A

bring Z lines closer together

18
Q

What is some terminology associated with the sarcomere?

A
  • myosin filament
  • actin filament
  • cross-bridge
  • power stroke
19
Q

What are the steps of the cross bridge cycle?

A
  1. myosin heads split ATP and become reoriented and energized
  2. Myosin heads bind to actin, forming crossbridges
  3. Myosin heads rotate toward center of the sarcomere (power stroke)
  4. As myosin heads bind ATP, the crossbridges detach from actin
20
Q

What does the rate of ATP hydrolysis depend on?

A

Myosin heavy chain (MHC) type

21
Q

What is the hydrolysis rate of a Type I MHC?

A

Slow hydrolysis rate

22
Q

What is the hydrolysis rate of a type IIa MHC?

A

fast hydrolysis rate

23
Q

What is the hydrolysis rate of a type IIb MHC?

A

Very fast hydrolysis rate

24
Q

what is the main limitation of the cross-bridge cycle?

A

the rate of hydrolysis

25
Q

What are type I fibers?

A

low ATPase activity (at pH 9.4), are slow twitch, have high oxidative and low glycolytic capacity, and are relatively resistant to fatigue

26
Q

What are Type IIa fibers

A

fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers, present higher twitch speeds than type I fibers but are less fatigue resistant

27
Q

What are type IIb fibers?

A

high myosin ATPase activity (pH 9.4), are fast twitch, have low oxidative and high glycolytic capacity, and fatigue rapidly.

28
Q

Explain maximum flexibility in terms of sarcomeres

A

number of sarcomeres in series

29
Q

Explain maximum strength in terms of sarcomeres

A

number of sarcomeres in parallel

30
Q

Explain maximum power in terms of sarcomeres

A
  • number of sarcomeres in series
  • number of sarcomeres in parallel
  • % MHC IIa
31
Q

What are some terms associated with the motor neuron?

A
  • neuron body
  • axon
  • dendrite
  • myelin sheath
  • neuromuscular junction
32
Q

What is the motor unit size principle

A
  • motor units are recruited in order from small to large
33
Q

Muscle hypertrophy

A
  • increased muscle fiber and motor unit size
  • greater resistance force is required to recruit motor units
  • for some absolute resistance force, fewer motor units are used
34
Q

What is unfused tetanus?

A

when the muscle fibers do not completely relax before the next stimulus because they are being stimulated at a fast rate

35
Q

what is fused tetanus?

A

Fused tetanus is when there is no relaxation of the muscle fibers between stimuli and it occurs during a high rate of stimulation

36
Q

What does the Na -K- ATP pump maintain?

A

ion balance across sarcolemma

37
Q

What does the Na -K- ATP do?

A

active transport of Na out of and K into muscle fiber do

38
Q

intermuscular coordination

A
  • coordination between muscles/muscle groups
  • improved activation of synergists
  • decreased co-contraction of antagonists
  • associated with neuromotor fitness

KIN 335 (10 decks)

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