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Human Physiological Measurement > Neuromuscular Physiology > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Brain tissue is divided into

A

Grey matter, white matter

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2
Q

What is in grey matter

A

Dense with cell bodies

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3
Q

What is in white matter

A

Mainly connecting axons

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4
Q

Folds of cortex

A

Gyrus = ridge
Sulcus = groove

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5
Q

Purpose of folds in cortex

A

Allows for more grey matter

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6
Q

How many cerebral hemispheres

A

2

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7
Q

What connects 2 hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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8
Q

Name the 4 lobes

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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9
Q

What is the cerebrum the origin of

A

Conscious thought and intellectual function

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10
Q

What does cerebrum exert

A

Voluntary/involuntary control over some somatic motor neurones

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11
Q

Primary motor cortex=

A

Pre-central gyrus

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12
Q

Primary sensory cortex=

A

Post central gyrus

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13
Q

What info does gyrus get from receptors

A

Touch,pain,pressure,tempereature

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14
Q

Occipital lobe =

A

Visual cortex

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15
Q

Frontal lobe =

A

Gustatory cortex

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16
Q

Temporal lobe =

A

auditory and olfactory cortex

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17
Q

Somatic sensory association areas

A

Monitors activity in primary sensory cortex, allows recognition of somatic senses, special senses have their own association areas

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18
Q

Somatic motors association areas

A

Coordinates learned movement, instructions for primary motor cortex arise here

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19
Q

Structure of spinal cord

A

White matter = ascending (afferent) and descending (efferent) tracts
Grey matter = motor and sensory spinal neurone cell bodies
Sensory N enter via dorsal horn
Motor N enter via ventral horn

20
Q

How many sets of spinal nerves

A

31

21
Q

What do the spinal N contain

A

Motor and sensory fibres from ventral and dorsal roots

22
Q

Where does cord end

A

Lower lumbar area, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae carry N roots (cauda equina ) from higher levels

23
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune destruction of ACH receptors, causes muscle weakness/fatigue

24
Q

How to treat myasthenia gravis

A
  1. Increase ACH conc in synaptic cleft -inhibit acetylcholinesterase
  2. Immunosuppression by drugs or removal of thymus
25
Q

3 brain stem motor areas

A

Rubrospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, reticular formation

26
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

Innervates mainly spinal motor neurones innervating distal limb muscles ie fine movement
Crosses midline, descends contralaterally

27
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Input from vestibulocochlear nerve
Descends and innervate ipsilateral motor neurones
Innervate proximal muscles, control balance, locomotion

28
Q

Reticular formation

A

Extensive network in brain stem
Many connections with sensory and motor paths
Descend and innervate ipsilateral motor neurones

29
Q

Inputs of cerebullum

A

Vestibular apparatus
Peripheral sensory receptors, especially muscle spindles and joint receptors
Visual and auditory systems
Corticospinal paths

30
Q

Outputs of cerebellum

A

(Via thalamus)
Motor cortex, brain stem motor areas

31
Q

Grey matter beneath lateral ventricles =

A

Basal (cerebral) nuclei

32
Q

Function of cerebral nuclei

A

Directs many activists outside conscious control

33
Q

What inhibits basal nuclei

A

Substantia nigra

34
Q

Damage to alpha motor neurone or anterior horn =

A

Paralysis & wasting of muscle
Decreased muscle tone
Stretch reflex absent

35
Q

Bilateral spinal cord injury (1st response)

A

Spinal shock, paralysis of all muscles below defect

36
Q

Bilateral Spinal cord injury (second response)

A

Gradual increased musc tone
Exaggerated stretch reflex
Mechanism not clear
Increased sprouting of excitatory motor nerve endings and interneurones?

37
Q

Upper motor lesions

A

Interference with vascular supply to brain - stroke

38
Q

Cerebellar damage results in:

A

Loss of balance, unsteady gait, decreased muscle tone, reflects loss of facilitation of cortex and brain stem motor areas

39
Q

Function of somatosensory system

A

Touch, temperature, proprioception, pain

40
Q

Somatosensory 1st order neurones

A

Nerves with receptor endings
Cell bodies with dorsal root ganglia
Enter SC via dorsal roots

41
Q

2nd order somatosensory neurones

A

Travel to brain via 2 primary ascending tracts
Connect to cerebral cortex - 3rd order

42
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Pain and tempo receptors cross to contra lateral side via synapse
Ascend in spinothalamic tract
Synapse in thalamus
Travel to sensory cortex

43
Q

Dorsal column

A

Proprioceptor/touch/vibration info ascend by ipsilateral dorsal column
No synapse in spine
Ascend to dorsal column nuclei
Cross midline in medulla to thalamus

44
Q

Peripheral somatosensory defects

A

Localised symptoms

45
Q

Damage to primary sensory axons

A

Nerve root damage, neuropathy - impaired conduction
Leads to: numbness, pins and needles, all modalities affected

46
Q

Ascending tract damage

A

Bilateral; sensory loss in all modalities below level of lesion
Unilateral(rare): joint position sense lost on same side of lesion. Temp and pain lost on opposite side

47
Q

Somatosensory damage within brain caused by and leads to

A

Stroke; damaging tracts from thalamus to cortex - sensory loss from opposite side of body. Motor deficits from nearby affected areas common

Human Physiological Measurement (7 decks)

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