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NPTE > Neuromuscular > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurodevelopmental origin of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

What fissure separates the temporal from frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Lateral central fissue

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3
Q

What is another name for the lateral central fissure

A

Fissure of Sylvius

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4
Q

What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal central fissure

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5
Q

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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6
Q

What are the 3 main anatomic features of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Broca’s area
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7
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex (voluntary muscle activation)

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8
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Controls emotions and judgements

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9
Q

What is the function of Broca’s Area?

A

Controls motor aspects of speech

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10
Q

What are the 2 main anatomic features of the Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Postcentral gyrus

- Reception of fibers from touch, proprioceptive, pain, and temperature from contralateral side of body

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11
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary sensory cortex

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12
Q

What are the 3 main anatomic features of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Associative auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
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13
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Receives/ processes auditory stimuli

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14
Q

What is the function of the associative auditory cortex?

A

Processes auditory stimuli

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15
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Language comprehension

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16
Q

What are the 2 main anatomic features of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Primary visual cortex

- Visual association acortex

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17
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Receives/ processes visual stimuli

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18
Q

What is the function of the visual association cortex?

A

Processes visual stimuli

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19
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

Deep within lateral sulcus

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20
Q

What is the function of the insula?

A

Visceral function

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21
Q

What anatomical features make up the limbic system?

A
  • Limbic lobe
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Amygdaloid nucelus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Anterior nucleus of thalamus
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22
Q

What are the 3 anatomical features of the limbic lobe?

A
  • Cingulate
  • Para-hippocampal gyri
  • Subcallosal gyri
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23
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A
  • Instincts, emotions
  • Feeding
  • Aggression
  • Emotions
  • Endocrine aspects of sexual response
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24
Q

What is the function of the transverse/ commisural fibers?

A

Interconnect two hemispheres.

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25
Q

What are the 3 transverse/ commisural fibers?

A
  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure
  • Hippocampal commissure
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26
Q

What is the function fo the projection fibers of the white matter?

A
  • Connect cerebral hemispheres with other portions of the brain and spinal cord
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27
Q

What is the function of the association fibers of the white matter?

A

Connects different portions of the cerebral hemispheres so cortex can function cohesively

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28
Q

What four structures are the basal ganglia found in?

A
  • Straitum
  • Globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
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29
Q

What is the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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30
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Forms an associated motor system (extra-pyramidal system) with other nuclei in subthalamus and midbrain
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31
Q

What are the circuits of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Oculomotor circuit (caudate loop)
  • Motor loop (putamen loop)
  • Limbic circuit
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32
Q

What is the origin and projection of the oculomotor circuit? What is its function?

A
  • Originates in frontal and supplementary motor eye fields
  • Projects to caudate
  • Functions in saccadic eye movements
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33
Q

What is the origin and projection of the motor loop? What is its function?

A
  • Origin in precentral motor and postcentral somatosensory areas
  • Projects to and excites putamen
  • Inhibits globus pallidus, which bossts activity in ventral lateral nucelus and supplemental motor area
  • Scales amplitude and velocity of movements
  • Reinforces selected patterns
  • Suppresses conflicting patterns
  • Prepares for movement
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34
Q

What is the origin and projection of the limbic circuit? What is its function?

A
  • Origin in prefrontal and limbic areas of cortex
  • Projects to basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex
  • Organizes behaviors for procedural learning
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35
Q

What 4 anatomic structures make up the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Subthalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
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36
Q

What are the 3 types of nuclei found in the thalamus?

A
  • Sensory nuclei
  • Motor nuclei
  • Other nuclei
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37
Q

What is the function of the sensory nuclei of the thalamus?

A
  • Integrate and relay sensory information from body, face, retina, cochlea, and taste receptors to cerebral cortex and subcortical regions
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38
Q

What sensation is not processed at the sensory nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Smell

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39
Q

What is the function of the motor nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Relay information from cerebellum and globus pallidus to precentral motor cortex

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40
Q

What is the function of the other nuclei of the thalamus?

A
  • Visceral and somatic function
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41
Q

What is the function of the subthalamus?

A
  • Controls several functional pathways for sensory, motor, and reticular function
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42
Q

What are the 2 functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Integrates and controls functions of the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system
  • Maintains body homeostasis
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43
Q

What are the 2 portions of the epithalamus?

A
  • Habenular nuclei

- Pineal gland

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44
Q

What is the function of the habenular nuclei?

A
  • Integrate olfactory., visceral and somatic afferent pathways
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45
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A
  • Secretes hormones that influence the pituitary gland, and several other organs
  • Influences circadian rhythm
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46
Q

What are the 3 anatomic structures of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
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47
Q

What structures does the midbrain connect?

A

Pons to cerebrum

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48
Q

What is the neurodevelopmental structure of the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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49
Q

What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?

A

Superior peduncle

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50
Q

The cerebral peduncles are located within the midbrain; what are their 2 portions?

A
  • Anterior/ basis (crus cerebri, substantia nigra)

- Posterior (tegmentum)

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51
Q

What is contained within the tegmentum?

A

All ascending tracts, and some descending tracts.

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52
Q

What does the red nucleus (found in the midbrain) receive fibers from?

A

Cerebellum

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53
Q

What tract originates at the red nucleus?

A

Rubrospinal tract

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54
Q

What is the important function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Coordination

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55
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei are located in the tegmentum of the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor, and trochlear.

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56
Q

What does the substantia nigra connect?

A

Basal ganglia and cortex

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57
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Large motor nucleus, important for motor control and muscle tone.

58
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus (found in the midbrain)?

A

Relay station for vision and visual reflexes.

59
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus (found in the midbrain)?

A

Relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes.

60
Q

What is contained in the periaqueductal grey (located int he midbrain)?

A

Endorphin producing cells for reduction of pain and descending autonomic tracts.

61
Q

What does the pons connect?

A

Medulla oblongata to the midbrain

62
Q

What passes through the pons?

A

Ascending and descending tracts

63
Q

What part of the pons serves as a bridge to the cerebellum?

A

Anterior basal part (middle cerebellar peduncle)

64
Q

What is the function of midline raphe nuclei (found within the pons)?

A

Modulate pain and control arousal.

65
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei are found within the tegmentum of the pons?

A
  • Abducens
  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
66
Q

What does the medulla oblongata connect?

A

Spinal cord and pons.

67
Q

Relay nuclei for which tracts are located in the medulla oblangata? What structure do they form?

A
  • Dorsal columns (gracillis, cuneatus)

- Medial lemniscus

68
Q

What 2 structures is connected by the inferior cerebellar peduncle in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

- Cerebellum

69
Q

What tracts cross in the medulla oblongata? What structure does this form?

A
  • Corticospinal tracts

- Medullary pyramids

70
Q

What does the medial longitudinal fasciculus arise from in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Vestibular nuclei
71
Q

Where does the medial longitudinal fasciculus extend to?

A

Throughout brainstem and upper spinal cord

72
Q

What is the function of the medial longitudinal fasciculus?

A
  • Control of head movements
  • Gaze stabilization
  • Vestibular-ocular reflex
73
Q

What nucleus in the medulla oblongata connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A
  • Olivary nucleus complex
74
Q

What is the function of the olivary nucleus complex?

A
  • Voluntary movement control
75
Q

What important cranial nerve nuclei are contained within the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Hypoglossal
  • Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
  • Dorsal nucleus of vestibulocochlear nerve
76
Q

What important centers for vital function are located in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Respiratory
  • Vasomotor
77
Q

What bony landmark of the skull contains the cerebellum?

A

Posterior fossa

78
Q

What joins the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

3 cerebellar peduncles

  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
79
Q

What is found in the midline of the cerebellum?

A

The vermis

80
Q

Is the cortex found on the outer portion or inner portion of the cerebellar?

A

Outer

81
Q

What is found in the inner portion of the cerebellum?

A

White matter

82
Q

How many paired nuclei are found within the cerebellum?

A

4

83
Q

What system does the archicerebllum connect with?

A

Vestibular

84
Q

What is the archicerebellum AKA?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

85
Q

What is the function of the archicerebellum?

A
  • Regulates muscle tone

- Coordinates vestibulo-ocular reflex

86
Q

What system does the paleocerebellum connect with?

A

Proprioceptive

87
Q

What is the paleocerebellum AKA?

A
  • Rostral cerebellum, anterior lobe
  • Rostral cerebellum
  • Spinocerebellum
88
Q

What is the function of the paleocerebellum?

A
  • Modifies muscle tone
  • Modifies synergistic action of mostures
  • Postural control
  • Voluntary movement control
89
Q

What tracts does the neocerebellum receive input from?

A
  • Corticopontocerebellar

- Olivocerebellar

90
Q

What is the neocerebellum AKA?

A
  • Cerebellar hemisphere
  • Posterior lobe
  • Pontocerebellum
91
Q

What is the function of the neocerebellum?

A
  • Smooth coordination of voluntary movements
  • Accurate force, direction, and extent of movement
  • Motor learning
  • Sequencing of movements
  • Visually triggered movements
  • Cognitive function
  • Mental imagery
92
Q

What is the distal end of the spinal cord named?

A

Conus medullaris

93
Q

What neurons are contained within the anterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A
  • Alpha motor neurons (to skeletal muscle)

- Gamma motor neurons (to muscle spindles)

94
Q

What neurons are contained in the posterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A
  • Afferent neurons
95
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the afferent neurons of the spinal cord located?

A

Within the dorsal root ganglia

96
Q

Where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord? What is their function?

A
  • Cervical and lumbosacral

- Provide innervation to upper and lower extremities

97
Q

Where is the lateral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord found?

A

In the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord.

98
Q

What types of fibers are contained within the lateral horn?

A

Preganglionic

99
Q

What are the 3 general organizations of white matter within the spinal cord?

A
  • Anterior
  • Lateral column/ funiculi
  • Posterior (dorsal) column/ funiculi
100
Q

What are the 4 ascending tracts of white matter found within the spinal cord?

A
  • Dorsal columns/ medial leminiscal system
  • Spinothalamic
  • Spinocerebellar
  • Spinoreticular
101
Q

What are the 5 descending tracts of the white matter of the spinal cord?

A
  • Corticospinal
  • Vestibulospinal
  • Rubrospinal
  • Reticulospinal
  • Tectospinal
102
Q

What sensations are transmitted along the dorsal columns/ medial lemniscal system?

A
  • Proprioception
  • Virabtion
  • Tactile discrimination
103
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the dorsal columns?

A
  • Fasciculus gracilis

- Fasciculus cuneatus

104
Q

Does the fasciculus gracilis contain the upper extremity or lower extremity tracts?

A

Lower extremity

105
Q

Does the fasciculus cuneatus contain the upper extremity or lower extremity tracts?

A

Upper extremity

106
Q

How are the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus arranged mediolaterally?

A

Gracilis is medial, cuneatus is lateral

107
Q

To what higher structure do the dorsal columns ascend?

A

Medulla

108
Q

What happens to the fibers of the dorsal columns in the medulla?

A

Cross to form medial lemniscus

109
Q

What is the crossing of the fibers of the dorsal columns termed?

A

The lemniscal descussation

110
Q

Where does the media lemniscus ascend to from the lemniscal decussation?

A

To thalamus, and then to somatosensory cortex

111
Q

What sensations are conveyed along the spinothalamic tracts? What are the 2 associated tracts?

A
  • Pain and temperature (lateral spinal thalamic tract)

- Crude touch (anterior spinothalamic tract)

112
Q

How do the spinothalamic tracts ascend the spinal cord?

A
  • Ascend one or two segments ipsilaterally in Lissauer’s Tract
  • Synapse
  • Cross to opposite side and ascend in ventrolateral spinothalamic system
113
Q

What sensations are conveyed along the spinocerebellar tracts?

A
  • Proprioception for control of voluntary movements
114
Q

What sensory receptors provide information for spinocerebellar tracts?

A
  • Muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • Touch and pressure receptors
115
Q

What is the spinocerebellar tracts path up the spinal cord to higher centers?

A
  • Dorsal spinocerebellar tract ascends to ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Ventrospinocerebellar tract ascends to contralateral and ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle
116
Q

What sensations are conveyed along the spinoreticular tracts?

A
  • Deep and chronic pain
117
Q

What is the path up the spinal cord of the spinoreticular system?

A

Synapses on reticular formation of brainstem along diffuse, polysynaptic pathways

118
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

A
  • Vountary motor control
119
Q

What is the path of the corticospinal tracts from higher centers down the spinal cord?

A
  • Begins in primary motor cortex
  • Descends to brainstem
  • Crosses in pyramidal decussation in medulla
  • Crossed fibers descend to ventral gray matter in lateral corticospinal tract
  • 10% of fibers that do cross descend anterior corticospinal tract to cervical and upper thoracic segments
120
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A
  • Controls muscle tone

- Antigravity muscles and postural reflexes

121
Q

What is the path from higher centers down the spinal cord of the vestibulospinal tract?

A
  • Begin in vestibular nucleus

- Descend spinal cord in lateral (crossed) and medial (uncrossed) vestibular tracts

122
Q

Which vestibulospinal tracts are crossed?

A

Lateral

123
Q

Which corticospinal tracts are uncrossed?

A

Anterior

124
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tracts?

A

Assist in motor function

125
Q

What is the path of the rubrospinal tracts from higher centers down the spinal cord?

A
  • Begin in contralateral red nucleus

- Descend in lateral white columns to gray matter in spinal cord

126
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal system?

A
  • Modifies transmission of sensation, especially pain

- Influences gamma motor neurons and spinal reflexes

127
Q

What is the path of the reticulospinal system from higher centers down the spinal cord?

A
  • Begins in reticular formation of brainstem
  • Descends crossed and uncrossed in ventral and lateral columns
  • Terminates on dorsal gray and ventral gray
128
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tracts that terminate on the dorsal gray?

A

Modify sensation, especially pain

129
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract that terminates on the ventral gray?

A

Influences gamma motor neurons and spinal reflexes

130
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Assists in head turning responses to visual stimuli

131
Q

What is the path of the tectospinal tract from higher centers down the spinal cord?

A
  • Begins in superior colliculus

- Descends to ventral gray

132
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Innvervation of involuntary structures
133
Q

Does the autonomic nervous system consist of afferent or efferent fibers? Preganglionic or postganglionic neurons?

A
  • Both

- Both

134
Q

Where are the nerve bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?

A

T1-L2

135
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Constricts peripheral blood
  • Redistributes blood
  • Inhibits peristalsis
136
Q

Where are the nervebodies of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A
  • CN III
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • CN X
  • Pelvic nerves
137
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Conserves and restores hemeostasis
  • Slows heart rate
  • Reduces blood pressure
  • Increases peristalsis and glandular activity
138
Q

What are the 5 autonomic nerve plexuses?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Pulmonary
  • Celiac
  • Hypogastric
  • Pelvic
139
Q

What is the origin of the descending autonomic system? (for modulation)

A
  • Begins in hypothatalmus and lower brainstem (cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor)
  • Projects to preganglionic ANS in thoracolumbar and craniosacral region
140
Q

What cranial nerves modulate the autonomic nervous system afferently?

A
  • CN IX

- CN X

141
Q

What cranial nerves modulate the autonomic nervous system efferently?

A
  • CN III
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • CN X

NPTE (7 decks)

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