Neuromodulators and Anxiety

Question 1

What are some therapeutic uses of drugs that target 5-HT synapses?

Answer 1

Lecture 19, slide 9-10

Question 2

Describe the components of a serotonin terminal. What is serotonin made of and where is it made?

Answer 2

Lecture 19, slide 12-13

Question 3

What are en passant synapses? What is paracrine neurotransmission?

Answer 3

Lecture 19, slide 19-21
-Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling or cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells.

Question 4

What types of 5-HT receptors are there?

Answer 4

Lecture 19, slide 22-23

Question 5

What is neuromodulation?

Answer 5

Lecture 19, slide 24

Question 6

What is anxiety?

Answer 6

Lecture 19, slide 29-30

Question 7

What does a brain system dealing with anxiety need to do? What are some things that generate conflict? What are some things that resolve conflict?

Answer 7

Lecture 19, slide 32

Question 8

How can we test for anxiety in animals?

Answer 8

Lecture 19, slide 34

Question 9

What are some ethological techniques to test anxiety? How would you carry out these tests? How are these tests affected by benzodiazepine?

Answer 9

Lecture 19, slide 35-42

Question 10

Describe a pharmacological study that shows that serotonin increases anxiety.

Answer 10

Lecture 19, slide 45-51

Question 11

Describe a lesion study that shows serotonin depletion reduces anxiety.

Answer 11

Lecture 19, slide 52-56

Question 12

Describe an optogenetic study that shows serotonin increases anxiety.

Answer 12

Lecture 19, slide 57-63

Question 13

What effect does anxiety have in animals?

Answer 13

• decreasing 5-HT reduces anxiety

- increasing 5-HT increases anxiety

Question 14

What is the Hierarchical Defence System?

Answer 14

Lecture 19, slide 65-67, 72

Question 15

What is defensive direction? Compare the defensive directions of fear and anxiety What is active avoidance? What is passive avoidance?

Answer 15

Lecture 19, slide 68

• the defensive direction of fear is: away from a threat
• the defensive direction of anxiety is: towards a threat

Question 16

What is defensive distance? Compare the defensive distances of fear and anxiety.

Answer 16

Lecture 19, slide 69-71

Question 17

What effect does serotonin have on the different levels of the Hierarchical Defence System? What studies show this?

Answer 17

Lecture 19, slide 75-86