Neurology Conditions SIGNS

Question 1

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage - Signs (3)

Answer 1

1) Kernig’s sign (inability to extend knee when hip is flexed) (6 hour later)
2) Brudzinski’s sign (when neck is flexed, hip and knee also flex)
3) papilloedema

Question 2

Subdural Haematoma - Symptoms (Acute) (7)

Answer 2

1) headache
2) fluctuating consciousness
3) nausea
4) vomiting
5) seizure
6) coma
7) focal neurological deficit (e.g. hemiparesis)

Question 3

Subdural Haematoma - Symptoms (Chronic) (4)

Answer 3

1) headache
2) fluctuating consciousness
3) cognitive decline
4) personality change

Question 4

Extradural Haematoma - Symptoms (6)

Answer 4

1) *post traumatic loss of consciousness —> lucid interval (hours/days) —> decrease in consciousness
high ICP
2) headache
3) nausea
4) vomiting
5) coma

Question 5

Depression - Symptoms (10)

Answer 5

1) low mood*
2) anhedonia* (decreased interest and/or pleasure in all activities)
3) functional impairment
4) sleep disturbances (insomina/hypersomnia)
5) fatigue
6) guilt (inc. worthlessness)
7) weight change
8) libido change
9) poor concentration
10) suicidal intention

Question 6

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Focal - Temporal) (5)

Answer 6

80% of focal

1) deja vu (feeling of unfamiliar feeling familiar)
2) jamais vu (feeling of familiar feeling unfamiliar)
3) auditory hallucinations
4) olfactory hallucinations
5) anxiety —> fear

Question 7

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Focal - Frontal) (1)

Answer 7

1) motor features

Question 8

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Focal - Parietal) (1)

Answer 8

1) sensory features

Question 9

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Focal - Occipital) (1)

Answer 9

1) visual features (e.g. visual hallucinations, visual loss)

Question 10

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Generalised - Absence) (2)

Answer 10

1) <10 second pause in activity (e.g. stops talking mid-sentence)
2) unaware of attack

Question 11

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Generalised - Myoclonic) (1)

Answer 11

1) sudden jerk of limb, face, trunk (e.g. thrown to ground or violently disobedient limb)

Question 12

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Generalised - Tonic-Clonic) (4)

Answer 12

1) loss of consciousness
2) still limbs —> jerking limbs (tonic —> clonic)
3) drowsiness (post-ictus)
4) confusion (post-ictus)

Question 13

Epilepsy - Symptoms (Generalised - Atonic) (1)

Answer 13

1) sudden loss of muscle tone —> fall

Question 14

Parkinson’s Disease - Symptoms (Non-Motor Prodrome) (3)

Answer 14

up to 7 years prior to motor symptoms

1) anosmia
2) urgency
3) constipation

Question 15

Parkinson’s Disease - Symptoms (Parkinson’s Triad) (3)

Answer 15

1) tremor (esp. at rest, in hand)
2) rigidity
3) bradykinesia

Question 16

Parkinson’s Disease - Symptoms (Rigidity) (2)

Answer 16

1) leadpipe rigidity (sustained resistance to passive movements)
2) cogwheel rigidity (jerky resistance to passive movements)

Question 17

Parkinson’s Disease - Symptoms (Bradykinesia) (5)

Answer 17

1) slow movement initiation
2) slow repetition (e.g. blinking)
3) decreased amplitude in action repetition (e.g. micrographia (small handwriting))
4) hypophonia (decreased voice volume)
5) hypomimesis (expressionless face)

Question 18

Parkinson’s Disease - Symptoms (Other) (2)

Answer 18

1) fine motor skill difficulty (e.g. buttons)

2) gait (stooped posture, small shuffling steps, narrow base, reduce arm swing, difficulty turning)