Neurology (COG) Flashcards
Define neurology
branch of medicine that deals with anatomy, physiology (function) and disorders of the nervous system
Name the three areas involved in the study of neurology
anatomy, physiology (function) and disorders
_____ are receptor branches.
dendrites
The ___ contains DNA.
cell body/soma
Ganglia are clusters of cell bodies found in the ___.
PNS
Nuclei are clusters of cell bodies in the __.
CNS
What transmits electrical impulses from cell bodies to terminal buttons and are covered in a myelin sheath?
axon
Tract is a bundle of __ in the __.
axons; CNS
Nerve is a bundle of __ in the __.
axons; PNS
What are gaps in myelinated called?
Nodes of Ranvier
The __ contains synaptic vesicles.
terminal button
How many main types of cells are there in the nervous system?
2 main types
Name the types of cells in the nervous system and their functions.
Glial cells support cell function. Neurons - communication
The nerve cell that carries impulses from a sensory receptor to the brain or spinal
Sensory neuron
The nerve cell that transmits impulses from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.
Motor neuron
The connections between sensory and motor neurons are called _.
interneurons
How is information transmitted in the nervous system (at the cellular level)?
Electrical energy moves down towards the muscles, turns into chemical energy between cells, then goes back into electrical energy. This happens at synaptic cleft.
Central nervous system (CNS) includes __ and __
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes __ and __ (cell bodies) __ of the CNS.
nerves; ganglia; outside
PNS includes __ nervous system and __ nervous system
Somatic and autonomic
Name the layers of the meninges of the brain from superior to inferior
Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
What is the name of the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater?
subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid space contains what (2 things)?
Blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
True/False: Meninges are the inner coverings of the brain.
False; outer coverings.
T/F: Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid?
True
What are the (4) main components of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical structures, brainstem
Name the ventricles in the brain.
2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
What does the CSF do?
Cleans and protects the brain and spinal cord by circulating throughout the ventricles
How many lobes are in the brain?
5
Name the lobes of the brain.
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insula
How many hemispheres are there in the brain?
2
What is Gray matter?
Densely packed cell bodies in the cortex that gives gray appearance
What is white matter?
Axons that are wrapped in myelin which gives whitish appearance
T/F: Lateralization is when a function is controlled by one side of the brain over the other.
True
What does the frontal lobe consist of (cortices)?
Primary motor, premotor (including supplementary motor cortex) and prefrontal cortex
Which cortex includes Broca’s area?
Premotor cortex
What are the main functions of the frontal lobe?
Movement, planning, initiation, judgement, reasoning, concentration, disinhibition of behaviors, adaption to change, emotional response
The __ __ __has motor neurons that send signals to execute movement.
Primary motor cortex
The __ __ deals with executive function (i.e., attention, inhibition, flexibility, working memory, problem solving, etc.)
Prefrontal cortex
What is the function of the premotor cortex?
Plans movement
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Hearing ability, memory acquisition, visual perceptions, categorization of objects
Wernicke’s area is located in the __ lobe.
Temporal lobe
What is the function of the primary and secondary auditory cortices?
Auditory sensation and perception
The parietal lobe’s function is what?
Receives and evaluates most sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, temperature, taste); touch perception, coordination
The primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are arranged in a __ fashion
Somatotopic
The primary somatosensory cortex responds to __.
pain/touch
Which gyri are involved in higher-level language?
Angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus
Posterior parietal cortex can be described as the __ cortex.
association
T/F: The somatosensory integrates sensory inputs (temperature, pressure, etc.) relayed to produce an understanding of an object being felt.
True
T/F: The parietal lobe hosts the somatosensory cortex.
True
T/F: The inability to recognize objects is known as agnosia
True
T/F: The areas involved in high-level language are the somatotopic gyrus and angular gyrus.
False; angular and supramarginal
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
visual processing; help with visual associations
Where is the occipital lobe located?
Under the parietal lobe and above temporal lobe
The fifth lobe is called the what?
Insula
What is the function of the insula?
Not fully described in literature; sensory & motor function
Where is the insula located?
It’s part of the cerebral cortex, located deep in the lateral sulcus
There are _ hemispheres and _ lobes in the cerebellum
2 hemispheres, 3 lobes
T/F: The main function of the cerebellum is to receive movement information from the cortex.
True
The cerebellum is responsible for what 2 functions?
Balance, executing coordinating movements
What is the main function of the thalamus?
processes sensory information and relays it to cerebral cortex
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
regulates endocrine functions (hormones)
What is the main function of the pituitary gland?
Controls secretions from thyroid, adrenal gland, ovaries & testies
What is the main function of the hippocampus?
recent working memory, inhibiting unsuccessful action
What is the main function of the amygdala?
forming and storing memories associated with emotional events
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
receives information from cortex, processes it and send back to the cortex for integration of motor control
What are the subcortical structures?
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia
The __ processes sensory information
thalamus
the __ regulates endocrine functions
hypothalamus
the __ is the “master gland” and controls secretions
pituitary gland
the __ is the recent working memory
hippocampus
the __ forms and stores emotional memories
amygdala
the __ receives information from the cortex, processes it, and then send it back to the cortex
basal ganglia
name the three parts of the brainstem from descending order
midbrain, pons, medulla
what is the function of the brainstem?
connects brain to spinal cord
the superior colliculus’ function is what?
vision
what is the function of the inferior colliculus?
hearing
what is the substantia nigra?
neurotransmitter dopamine/reward center
What is the bridge for the cerebellum?
pons
the part of reticular activating formation in the medulla does what?
overall arousal and sleep
T/F: the medulla has ascending and descending tracts
true
what is the midbrain responsible for?
vision, hearing, eye movement & sensation, reward center
what is the pons responsible for?
facial and vestibulochoclear cranial nerves
what is the medulla responsible for?
arousal and sleep, voice, swallowing
T/F: the part of the reticular activating formulation that helps control breathing and sleep (alertness and arousal) is located in the medulla.
False; pons.
How is the spinal cord arranged?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
The __ root is sensory, the __ root is motor.
Dorsal; ventral`
What is the function of the PNS?
connects the CNS to the rest of the body
T/F: Somatic nervous system is in charge of involuntary control
False; voluntary
The autonomic nervous system has what function?
Involuntary control (heart rate, digestion)
What types of nerves is the PNS made of?
Motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)
Afferent means __ while motor means __.
Goes to; away
Motor takes information from the PNS while sensory does what?
Leads sensory receptors in body TO CNS
Name the spinal nerve
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Communication between the nervous system happens via the _ and _.
tracts, nerves
Cranial nerves are part of the _ nervous system
peripheral
A collection of axons in the CNS are called?
Tracts
A collection of axons in the PNS are called?
Nerves
The three fiber bundle tracts are called?
Association, striatal, commissural
__ are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS.
nuclei
There are how many cranial nerves and how many spinal nerves?
12; 31
How many cranial nerves originate in the brainstem?
10
How many cranial nerves originate in the cerebrum?
2
Name the two arterial systems
carotid and vetebral
T/F: The carotid arteries are for anterior circulation
True
What are the two branches of the carotid arteries?
internal carotid and external carotid
Name the three internal carotid arteries
anterior cerebral, middle, and posterior
T/F: the verebral arteries are for anterior circulation?
false; posterior
What are the types of sensory neurons?
Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
Chemoreceptors are in regard to what?
Chemical
T/F: An example of mechanoreceptors is temperature.
False; thermoreceptors
Force/pressure is what type of sensory neuron?
Mechanoreceptor
Light during vision is what type of sensory neuron?
Photoreceptors
Baroreceptors are in regard to what?
Change in blood pressure
T/F: Position deals with the chemoreceptor neuron.
False; proprioceptor
