Cognitive Midterm Flashcards
Which type of tracts in the CNS provide interhemispheric connection? The ____ tracts.
commissural Tracts
Name the 5 lobes of the brain:
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Insula, Temporal
Although there may be involvement across multiple lobes of the brain for cognition, the main lobe is believed to be the:
Frontal lobe
Which cortex of the frontal lobe is typically associated with executive function? The ____ cortex.
Prefrontal
If you were to experience agnosia, or inability to recognize objects, this would likely be due to damage of the ______ lobe of the brain.
Parietal
Visual processing is believed to be involved with the ______ lobe of the brain.
Occipital
What part of the brain is responsible for balance?
Cerebellum
Gray matter is gray because it consist of ___
densely packed cell bodies
The brain’s subcortical structures include the Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, ___ and ____.
Amygdala and basal ganglia
The subcortical structure believe to form and store memories associated with emotional events is the ___
amygdala
The portion of the midbrain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine is the
substantia nigra
The 3 parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior are:
midbrain
pons
Medulla
T/F Efferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body
True
The divisions of the nervous systems are the ___ NS and the __ NS
Central and peripheral
The divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the ___ Nervous System and the ___ NS
somatic and automatic
The outer coverings of the brain include the __ mater, ___ mater, and the __ mater
dura, pia, and arachnoid membrane
(to remember order remember is alphabetic order)
dps
T/F Afferent nerves travel from the CNS to the body,
FALSE (arrive-to)
Which type of tracts in the CNS provide intrahemispheric connections?The __ tracts
Association
The 2 arterial systems in the brain are the __ arteries, which provide posterior blood circulation, and the – arteries, which provide anterior circulation
CAROTID & Vertebral
The two types of cells in the nervous system are the __ and the ___.
Glial
Neurons
Name 3 types of sensory neuron (receptors)
chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, photoreceptors,
At the cellular level, information is transmitted in the nervous system by the conversion of what kinds of energy?
Electrical energy into chemical energy and then back into electrical energy
Chemical cellular communication happens at the ____
synaptic cleft
What does neurotransmitters do?
Transmits a message from a nerve cell across the synapse to targeted cell
What types of attention might you test?
Sustained and executive
IF there is an impairment in memory, what areas of the patient’s brain are most likely be impaired?
Temporal, frontal, parietal, basal ganglia, cerebrum, hippocampus, frontal, amygdala
What types of executive functional might you test?Initiation ____,____ Mental flexibility, _________, judgement, ________reasoning, self-regulation, and ________
problem-solving, planning, inhibition, meta-cognition
IF there is an impairment in executive function, what areas of the patient’s brain are most likely to be impacted? _____ and ____
Frontal, prefrontal, connections
What are the main parts of an evaluation?
Case history, physical exam, assessment
Types of testing task for memory: Immediate recall _____, _______, and forced choice
delayed recall and recognition
What are the two types of memory systems?
Working memory & Long-term memory
. t/f what might you expect considering PML affects white mater/myelin? Why?
Nerve impulses slow or even stop and cause neurologic deficits to cognition and/or movement
TRUE
T/F Brain function changes with MS: nerve impulses increase and decline in neurologic
function FALSE
What might you expect in the terms of cognitive functioning with plaques and tangles that continue to build in the brain? T/F
Progressive memory impairment, possibly agnosia, apraxia, aphasia, and executive functioning deficits. TRUE
What might you expect with loss of dopamine_____ _____ ____, ___ coordination,
Slower thinking and ___
Rigidity, slowness, freezing,
Poor
Processing
What might you expect with loss of dopamine
Attention deficits____ memory deficits____ deficits
Working, executive function
Is additional testing required or should you begin treatment after the administering the MOCA?
Additional testing is required
Who might get attention impairments?
A) Anyone with injury/disease to the frontal lobe,
B) Dementia.
C) Anyone with injury/disease to the spinal cord
D) Aphasia
E) Anyone with injury/disease to the parietal lobe
F) TBI
G) Anyone with injury/disease to the temporal lobe
H) Anyone with injury/disease to the nose
(A, B, D, E, F, G)
In developing your treatment plan what approaches might you consider?a) Training in specific skills
B) Direct training alone
C) Direct training, although not by itself
d) Compensatory
(A, C, D)
Cognition is an umbrella for all higher metal processes:
Language Attention Memory Executive Function (LAME)
According to Sohlberg and Mateer, the TWO broad component types of attention are:
sustained and executive control
The 4 types of attention under executive control are
Alternating, suppression, working memory, selective (SAWS)
Listening to a spoken passage in the presence of background noise requires intact attention to what kind
selective
Attention is always defined in relation to a ___
Stimuli
What are the various stages of information described by the stages model of human memory?
Storage, retrieval, encoding
HUMAN MEMORY: delayed recall = early processing material=
retrieval, encoding
Delayed recall is associated with which stage of human memory
Retrieval
The early processing of material to be learned is associated with which stage of human memory
Encoding
Give example of vascular disease
Stroke
T/f Presence/absence of impairment can be made using results of a single cognitive communication measure
False
What area of within the frontal lobe is believed to be most involved in with executive function?
Prefrontal Cortex
Name the area of the brain believed to be important for the storage of new memories
Temporal or hippocampus
The memory retrieval process is believed to be mediated by the ___ and the subcortical structures
Frontal
Name a disease that may result in memory impairment
aphasia, TBI, Dementia
Why might you consider more compensatory treatment methods for a person with dementia as opposed to rehabilitative?
The function cannot be recovered completely and can use strategies to improve functional performance
T/F The use of metamemory in treatment is appropriate for all patients
False
Name types of rehabilitative memory treatments
alphabet search, spaced retrieval, cues for retrieval, awareness training
Name an etiology that may be associated with executive dysfunction
stroke, dementia, TBI
Which are considered rehabilitative?
Skills-based training, direct training
How would you describe metacognition
Self-awareness
Data collection on an individual is a type of ___ evidence?
internal
Two types of treatment are _______ and ______
Rehabilitative and compensatory
T/F A screener is used to identify presence of impairment is usually is pass/fail
True
Rehabilitative is ___ & ____
skills based and direct training
How might you expect to the brain to function with inflammation in the brain?
_____ neuronal communication,_____ death, Memory acquisition deficits, Visual______ deficits
and Categorization deficits
a) Slowed
b) Cell
c) Perception
