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Term 3 > Neurology Class Notes > Flashcards

Neurology Class Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a rare cause but potential cause of a brain abscess?

A

Ottis media - inner ear infection. Other causes include dental, sinus, or penetrating trauma

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2
Q

What is cushings triad?

A

Cheyne stokes respirations, increased BP, decreased pulse. These signs are consistent with ICP

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3
Q

What are SS of brain abscess complications?

A

Headache, confusion, vomiting, nuchal rigidity, fever.

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4
Q

What are the most consistent findings with brain abscess complications?

A

Fever, headache, and focal neurological findings.

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5
Q

What is a petit mal seizure?

A

Same as absence seizure. It is brief, eyelids flutter, stare. Common in children.

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6
Q

What is status epilepticus?

A

Seizure greater than 5 minutes or more than 1 seizure in a 5 minute period.

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7
Q

What is hypertonic seizure activity?

A

Excessive rigidity or tone of muscles

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8
Q

What is a focal motor seizure?

A

Simple partial seizure with localized motor activity. Patient does not lose consciousness. May be spasm or clonus of one muscle group or may remain localized or spread to adjacent muscle (Jacksonian)

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9
Q

What are the stages of a seizure?

A
  1. ) aura
  2. ) ictus
  3. ) postictal
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10
Q

What is an aura?

A

Unusual feeling, sensations, smells, emotions, nausea, déjà vu

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11
Q

What is ictus?

A

The actual seizure activity. Clonic, tonic, or hypertonic.

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12
Q

What is postictal?

A

Marked by loss of bladder or bowels, numbness, headache, confusion, drowsiness

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13
Q

What are key considerations for evaluating a post seizure patient?

A

AMS needs to be evaluated

  • glucose
  • airway
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14
Q

What is a cluster headache?

A

Primary, or histamine headache. Most painful headache involving the 5th cranial nerve. Pain usually comes and goes. Pain usually involves one eye and nasal congestion. Involves the trigeminal nerve, vascular in nature.

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15
Q

What is an organic headache?

A

Caused by ICP or other organic diseases

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16
Q

What is a migraine headache?

A

Change in vascularity

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17
Q

What is a vascular headache?

A

Due to abnormal functioning of blood vessels in the brain

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18
Q

What is a tension headache?

A

Most common, involves jaw, shoulder, neck

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19
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

A cancerous tumor

20
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A non-cancerous tumor

21
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

I.e. Skin tag. New abnormal growth of tissue, caused by rapid division of cells that have undergone some type of mutation. Can be benign or malignant.

22
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Infection of the brain

23
Q

What are the causes of seizure?

A

Fever-common in pedi, not how high temp is but how fast it elevates

Hypoxia-either environment or perfusion

Idiopathic-idiopathic epilepsy. Most common but unknown origin.

Hypoglycemia-brain requires constant glucose

24
Q

What is the treatment for a migraine?

A
  • pain relief
  • triptans
  • ergots
  • anti nausea
  • glucocorticoids (prednisone)
25
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Seizure activity of unknown origin

26
Q

What is depression?

A

State of low mood and aversion to activity. Effects thoughts, behavior, sense of well being. Childhood physical or sexual abuse correlates with adult depression.

27
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Lack of dopamine, SS tremors, unsteady gait, slow movement, lack of facial expressions. Treated with benztropine and levodopa.

28
Q

What is Alzheimer’s?

A

Form of dementia. Cause unknown but 70% is attributed to genes

29
Q

What are the most common complications of a severe headache?

A

Nausea and vomiting

30
Q

What is status migrainous?

A

Persistent migraines

31
Q

What is migrainous infarction?

A

Persistent aura

32
Q

What is migralepsy?

A

Epileptic seizure following a migraine

33
Q

How do migraines relate to stroke?

A

People with migraines are 2x more at risk to have a stroke and women with migraines that take oral contraceptives are at greater risk

34
Q

What is the altered mental status coma cocktail?

A

D-50, narcan, thiamin (vitamin b1)

35
Q

What causes fainting?

A

Lack of cerebral perfusion

36
Q

What conditions have similar SS to syncope?

A

PE, stroke, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, drugs, concussion, psychiatric

37
Q

What are the 3 main causes of syncope?

A

Heart or vascular disease, reflex, or orthostatic hypotension

38
Q

What is a brain neoplasm?

A

Tumor of the brain

39
Q

What are the SS of a brain neoplasm?

A

ICP, SS usually crescendo in nature.

  • headache
  • vision
  • vomiting without nausea
  • seizures
40
Q

What is ALS?

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately respiratory failure

41
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Lesion or infection involving the 7th cranial nerve. One side of the face droops.

42
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack the myline sheath

43
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

9 categories containing over 30 types. Most common is duchennes. Muscle disease that results in increasing weakness and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time

44
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Mini stroke, SS resolve in 24 hours

45
Q

What is the new definition for a TIA?

A

Transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischemia, without acute infarct. Increases risk of stroke or silent stroke.

46
Q

What are the SS of a TIA?

A

Vision, aphasia, slurred speech (dysarthria), numbness, weakness, paralysis

47
Q

What is a silent stroke?

A

Differs from a Tia in that there is no immediate observable symptoms. Often occurs before or after a Tia or major stroke

Term 3 (6 decks)

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