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Term 3 > 12/6 Endocrinology Class Notes > Flashcards

12/6 Endocrinology Class Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Hypoadrenalism

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2
Q

What is cushings disease?

A

Hyperadrenalism, caused by over secretion of cortisol from tumors.

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3
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Same as cushings disease but in terms of signs and symptoms but it is brought on by long term steroid use, not by a tumor

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cushings disease/syndrome?

A

High BP, abdominal obesity, striae stretch marks, moon face, fat lump between shoulder blades, weak muscles, fragile skin and acne, hypocalcemia

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5
Q

What is the difference between Graves’ disease and myxedema?

A

Graves’ disease is hyperthyroidism and myxedema is hypothyroidism

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6
Q

What is another way to refer to diabetes Mellitus?

A

“Sweet water running through”

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7
Q

What are the characteristics for diabetes Mellitus type 1?

A
  • juvenile onset
  • polyuria, Polyphagia, polydipsia
  • patient will have chronic dehydration
  • patient will be insulin defendant
  • DKA can occur
  • burn fat for fuel (ketones)
  • damages vessels, nerves (peripheral neuropathy), heart disease, renal disease, and ocular disorders
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8
Q

What happens in kussmauls respirations?

A

The burning of ketones causes respirations to increase

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9
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

Shakiness, sweating, confusing, tingling, seizures, anger, unconsciousness

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10
Q

What are EMS treatments for hypoglycemia?

A

Normal glucose if pt. is able to swallow, d-50 (25 mg), or glucagon 1 mg IM

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11
Q

What are normal glucose values?

A

Fasting= under 100 mg/dl
Before meal= 70-99 mg/dl
Postprandial= less than 140 mg/dl

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12
Q

What is A1C and what is normal level?

A

Reads the attachment of glucose to hemoglobin (3 months) normal is below 5.7%

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13
Q

What is the key difference between HHNC and DKA?

A

Respirations. DKA will have kussmauls (deep) and HHNC will have normal respirations. Also note the skin will be flushed in DKA and the pt. will have a warm temperature. DKA is caused by type 1 whereas HHNC is caused by type 1,2, or infection. Both will have glucose over 600

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14
Q

What vasopressin and its function?

A

Also called anti-diuretic hormone, it is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and it functions to raise BP through vasoconstriction and retention of water (RAS system)

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15
Q

What is insulin and its function?

A

Used to lower blood glucose by facilitated diffusion of glucose in the cells. Produced by the beta cells in the pancreas

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16
Q

What is glucagon used for?

A

Raises blood glucose by converting glycogen in the liver to glucose

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17
Q

What are kussmauls respirations?

A

The bodies attempt to breath off ketones due to metabolic acidosis

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18
Q

What are products of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

19
Q

What is oxytocin used for?

A

Causing uterine contractions and lactation

20
Q

What would an under production of ADH cause?

A

Diabetes incipitous - pt. pees a lot, over production would cause water retention and constipation

21
Q

How is hypoglycemia treated in the field?

A

Glucagon or glucose

22
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis?

A

Excessive amounts of T3/T4, usually not treated in the field

23
Q

What consideration for treatment of hyperglycemia do we have in the field?

A

Fluid administration due to dehydration

24
Q

What is addisonian crisis?

A

Hypoadrenalism, cardiovascular collapse. Usually not treated in the field.

25
Q

What is wrong with a patient with warm, dry skin, respirations of 24 @ normal depth, pulse 120, glucose 500, BP 110/70?

A

Problem will be dehydration thus fluids

26
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

Main hormone secreted by the thyroid, it is the inactive form and is converted to active form in organs such as kidneys and liver

27
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Secreted by the thyroid and it lowers calcium levels in the blood. Excess calcium is stored in the bones

28
Q

What is Triiodothyronine?

A

Active form of thyroxine

29
Q

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Secreted by the parathyroid glands and it RAISES calcium levels in the blood

30
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland stimulated?

A

Stimulated by the hypothalamus through the secretion of hormone releasing hormones. Another mechanism is the release of GABA

31
Q

What is GABA?

A

the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter for CNS in mammals

32
Q

What is levathyroxine (synthroid)?

A

Medication used to treat hypothyroidism

33
Q

What is liothyronine (cytomel)?

A

A synthetic form of T3 used to treat hypothyroidism

34
Q

What is liotrix (euthroid)

A

Synthetic form of t-3 and t-4 used to treat hypothyroidism

35
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Biochemical breakdown of glycogen into glucose

36
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Formation of glycogen from glucose to be stored in the liver

37
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Metabolic pathway that results in generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates/ leading to DKA, producing ketones

38
Q

Where do ketones come from?

A

Produced when the body burns fat instead of glucose, result of gluconeogenesis. It is the catabolism of fatty acids and this combustion causes ketones to form and enter the blood stream

39
Q

SS of hypoglycemia?

A

Shakiness, nervousness or anxiety, sweating, chills, clamminess, irritability or impatience, confusion, rapid/fast heartbeat, lightheadedness or dizziness, hunger and nausea, sleepiness, blurred or impaired vision, tingling or numbness in the lips or tongue, headaches, fatigue, anger, stubbornness, lack of coordination

40
Q

What are the SS of Addison’s disease?

A
  1. ) Hyperpigmentation of the sking

- low BP, fatigue, muscle weakness, headache, fever, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea

41
Q

Describe the negative feedback system that responds to hypoglycemia

A
  • blood glucose falls
  • pancreas secretes glucagon from alpha cell
  • glycogen converts to glucose (glycogenolysis)
  • blood sugar rises
42
Q

What are considerations for treatment of hyperglycemia pt.?

A

Needs insulin which we don’t administer

  • most pts will be dehydrated
  • tx centers around stabilizing blood pressure
43
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Tolerant of cold, high BP

44
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Intolerant of cold, low BP

Term 3 (6 decks)

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