Neurology - Cerebrovascular diseases Flashcards
NEU - 1.1
Epidural hematoma is caused by the rupture of:
A) middle meningeal artery
B) choroidal anterior artery
C) middle cerebral artery
D) superficial temporal artery
ANSWER
A) middle meningeal artery
EXPLANATION
The middle menigeal artery is the branch of external carotid artery and runs between the dura mater and the temporal bone. In case of bone fracture (temporal or parietal region), the middle meningeal artery could be ruptured and arterial hematoma develops quickly by compressing the ipsilateral hemisphere resulting in first contralateral hemiparesis thereafter somnolence, stupor, coma and finally herniation.
NEU - 1.2
The importance of external carotid artery is:
A) important for the blood flow supply of posterior scala
B) important potential collateral source in case of ipsilateral ICA occlusion
C) participates in blood supply of brainstem
D) its occlusion results in amaurosis fugax
E) supplies the frontobasal part of the brain
ANSWER
B) important potential collateral source in case of ipsilateral ICA occlusion
EXPLANATION
The collateral circulation between the branches of external carotid artery (facial, angular arteries etc.) and ophthalmic artery (ICA branch) is important. In case of severe ICA stenosis or occlusion the good collateral circulation can sustain asymptomatic status. The reversed flow (extra-intracranial direction) in the ophthalmic artery can be detected by ultrasound.
NEU - 1.3
The ratio between carotid area and vertebrobasilar stroke:
A) 1:1
B) 1:3
C) 10:1
D) 1:10
E) 4:1
ANSWER
E) 4:1
EXPLANATION
The carotid area strokes are 4-5x more frequent than the vertebrobasilar ones
NEU - 1.5
The role of sagittal superior sinus:
A) participates in the absorption of CSF
B) collects the blood of sagittal inferior sinus
C) transfers the blood of confluent sinus
D) collects the blood of transverse and cavernous sinus
ANSWER
A) participates in the absorption of CSF
EXPLANATION
The sagittal superior sinus collects the blood from the convexity of the brain and participates in the absorption of CSF via Pacchioni granulates
NEU - 1.6
The risk of stroke in hypertension:
A) 2–8x
B) 0,3–3x
C) 2x
D) 50x
ANSWER
A) 2–8x
EXPLANATION
The hypertension increases the stroke risk by 2-8x
NEU - 1.7
Symptoms of TIA, EXCEPT:
A) Transient unilateral blindness
B) Transient limb numbness
C) Transient aphasia
D) Transient loss of consciousness with epileptic seizure
ANSWER
D) Transient loss of consciousness with epileptic seizure
EXPLANATION
Transient focal deficits (unilateral blindness, aphasia, transient focal numbness, transient paresis) are typical symptoms of TIA. A transient loss of consciousness could be caused by quick blood pressure decrease, arhythmias (pump-function), blood glucose decrease or increase, and epilepsy but not by TIA.
NEU - 1.8
The ischemic stroke occurs frequently:
A) after waking
B) after going to bed
C) in the summer
D) in the afternoon
ANSWER
A) after waking
EXPLANATION
The ischemic stroke occurs frequently after waking and in the morning hours. Hypoperfusion and prothrombotic status are frequent in the night and the morning activity could provocate embolisation.
NEU - 1.9
Cerebral blood flow in the penumbra (region around the ischemic core):
A) 0–10 ml/min/100 g brain tissue
B) 10–20 ml/min/100 g brain tissue
C) 55–60 ml/min/100 g brain tissue
D) 100-120 ml/min/100 g brain tissue
ANSWER
B) 10–20 ml/min/100 g brain tissue
EXPLANATION
The iv. thrombolysis or thrombectomy target the penumbra (10-20 ml/min/100g brain tissue, in healthy person 50ml/100g/min). The structures of the neurons are still preserved with impaired function.
NEU - 1.10
Global cerebral ischemia causes irreversible cerebral damage after:
A) 20–25 min
B) 10–15 min
C) 3–5 min
D) 1–2 min
ANSWER
C) 3–5 min
EXPLANATION
Globalis cerebral ischemia causes irreversible cerebral damage after 3-5 minutes.
NEU - 1.11
Which mechanism plays the most important role in the ischemic cascade?
A) calcium influx
B) potassium influx
C) sodium influx
D) decrease of monoamine level
ANSWER
A) calcium influx
EXPLANATION
During acute ischemia the calcium influx activates the ischemic cascade.
NEU - 1.12
The carotid ultrasound is recommended in acute stroke, EXCEPT:
A) for the measurement of intima-media thickness.
B) to diagnose carotid occlusion/stenosis.
C) to determine the plaque characteristic: in case of ulcerated or inhomogenous plaque, endareterectomy could be suggested instead of stenting.
D) because it is the optimal method to detect carotid floating thrombus.
ANSWER
A) for the measurement of intima-media thickness.
EXPLANATION
The intima-media thickness is a marker of arteriosclerosis but not the part of acute stroke care.
NEU - 1.13
Symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, EXCEPT:
A) diplopia
B) vertigo
C) dysarthria
D) alternating brainstem syndromes
E) apraxia
ANSWER
E) apraxia
EXPLANATION
A supratentorial lesion results in apraxia but not infratentorial one.
NEU - 1.14
These diseases could result in cardiogenic stroke, EXCEPT:
A) atrial fibrillation
B) endocarditis
C) bicuspidal and aortic valve diseases
D) lower leg deep venous thrombosis without patent foramen ovale
E) after MI
ANSWER
D) lower leg deep venous thrombosis without patent foramen ovale
EXPLANATION
Embolisation from deep venous thrombosis without patent foramen ovale results in pulmonary embolisation not cerebral ischemia.
NEU - 1.15
Typical symptoms of transient global amnesia, EXCEPT:
A) loss of anterograde memory
B) the patient is alert
C) shorter than 24 hours
D) cortical blindness
E) unknown cause
ANSWER
D) cortical blindness
EXPLANATION
Cortical blindness is caused by the bilateral occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery, which is not typical for transient global amnesia (TGA).
NEU - 1.16
Cause of amaurosis fugax:
A) giant cell arteriitis
B) migraine with scotoma
C) thromboembolisation of the ophthalmic artery (terminal branch) from the ulcerated plaque of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery
ANSWER
C) thromboembolisation of the ophthalmic artery (terminal branch) from the ulcerated plaque of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery
EXPLANATION
The thromboembolisation of the ophthalmic artery may origin from the ulcerated plaque of the internal carotid artery, causing ipsilateral amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness). Contrarily occlusion of the calcarina artery causes contralateral heteronymous hemianopia, in case of migraine scotoma can develop. In case of giant cell arteriitis the lesion of the anterior part of the optic nerve or lesion of the central retinal artery is responsible for the deterioration of visual acuity.
NEU - 1.17
Cortical lesion is probable in case of stroke in the territory of the internal carotid artery, if:
A) hemiparesis with dominance in the facial and brachial area
B) if the severity of the paresis is similar on the upper and lower limb
C) visual field defect is also seen
D) permanent vertigo develops
ANSWER
A) hemiparesis with dominance in the facial and brachial area
EXPLANATION
If facial-brachial-dominant hemiparesis is seen in case of stroke affecting the territory of the internal carotid artery cortical lesion is probable, whilst the severity is similar in the face, upper limb and lower limb subcortical lesion (internal capsule) is more likely.
NEU - 1.18
Which is NOT part of the symptoms of the unilateral occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery and its branches?
A) urinary and fecal incontinence
B) contralateral lower limb dominant hemiparesis
C) changes in behaviour and character
D) gnostic disturbance
ANSWER
D) gnostic disturbance
EXPLANATION
Gnostic dysfunction appear in lesions next to the primary sensory centers, supplied by the branches of the middle cerebral artery.
NEU - 1.19
Which is NOT part of the symptoms in case of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (M1)?
A) contralateral severe hemiparesis
B) homonymous hemianopia
C) conjugate deviation of eyes
D) hemihypaesthesia
E) thalamus-syndrome, thalamus-hand
ANSWER
E) thalamus-syndrome, thalamus-hand
EXPLANATION
Thalamus-syndrome, thalamus-hand occur as a consequence of the occlusion of the branches of the thalamogeniculate artery (branches of the posterior cerebral artery), when the ventral posteromedial and posterolateral thalamic nuclei are damaged.
NEU - 1.20
Which artery’s circulation disturbance causes the following symptoms: apathy, liberation reflexes, disturbance of attention, perseveration and echolalia?A) anterior cerebral artery and branches
B) perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery
C) anterior choroidal artery
D) superior terminal branch of the middle cerebral artery
ANSWER
A) anterior cerebral artery and branches
EXPLANATION
In case of circulation disturbance of the anterior cerebral artery the following symptoms may develop: apathy, liberation reflexes, disturbance of attention, perseveration, echolalia.
NEU - 1.21
NOT part of Weber-syndrome:
A) ipsilateral oculomotor nerve lesion
B) contralateral hemiparesis
C) contralateral increase deep tendon reflexes with pyramidal signs
D) contralateral hyperkinesia
ANSWER
D) contralateral hyperkinesia
EXPLANATION
Weber-syndrome is an alternating motor brainstem syndrome: ipsilateral oculomotor nerve lesion, contralateral hemiparesis. When contralateral involuntary movements (hyperkinesis) occur not only the oculomotor nerve, but the red nucleus is damaged as well (Benedikt-syndrome).
NEU - 1.22
Disturbance of gaze (vertical upwards), with vertical nystagmus is typical in:
A) Benedikt-syndrome
B) Parinaud-syndrome
C) Nothnagel-syndrome
D) Raymond- (ventral pontine) syndrome
ANSWER
B) Parinaud-syndrome
EXPLANATION
The disturbance of gaze (vertical upwards) with vertical nystagmus is typical for Parinaud-syndrome. In the background tumor (especially pinealoma), sometimes vascular lesion and inflammation is found.
NEU - 1.23
The cause of pseudobulbar palsy:
A) bilateral lesion of the corticobulbar fibers
B) lesion of the cranial nerves in the medulla oblongata
C) lesion of the dentate nucleus
D) lesion of the peripheral nerves responsible for articulation (speech) and swallowing
ANSWER
A) bilateral lesion of the corticobulbar fibers
EXPLANATION
Bilateral lesion of the corticobulbar tracts causes pseudobulbar palsy.
NEU - 1.24
Symptoms of occlusion of the superior cerebellar artery (lateral superior pontine syndrome), EXCEPT:
A) ipsilateral limb and truncal ataxia
B) dizziness, nystagmus
C) contralateral hypaesthesia, decreased vibration and joint position sensation
D) diplopia, deafness
ANSWER
D) diplopia, deafness
EXPLANATION
The following symptoms are detected in case of occlusion of the cerebellar superior artery (lateral superior pontine syndrome): Ipsilateral limb- and truncal ataxia, vertigo, horizontal nystagmus, contralateral hypaesthesia, vibration, joint position sensation The lesion may affect the superior and middle cerebellar peduncles, dentate nucleus, the vestibular nuclei of the cerebellum, the spinothalamic tract, dorsal part of medial lemniscus and the descending sympathic fibers.
NEU - 1.25
Symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis:
A) lesion of the III., IV., VI., V/1. cranial nerves
B) lesion of the IX–XII. cranial nerves
C) lesion of the III., V., VI., VII. cranial nerves
D) Gradenigo-syndrome develops
ANSWER
A) lesion of the III., IV., VI., V/1. cranial nerves
EXPLANATION
The following structures are in the cavernous sinus cranial nerves III, IV, VI, V/1 and the internal carotid artery. In case of thrombosis of cavernous sinus the lesion of these nerves will appear.
NEU - 1.26
What does Hunt and Hess Scale grade 4 stand for?
A) somnolence, confusion, mild neurological symptoms
B) deep coma, decerebration
C) stupor, moderate or severe hemiparesis, vegetative disturbance
D) severe headache, nuchal rigidity, cranial nerve palsy
ANSWER
C) stupor, moderate or severe hemiparesis, vegetative disturbance
EXPLANATION
By Hunt and Hess Scale grade 4 stupor, moderate or severe hemiparesis, vegetative disturbance are the symptoms.
NEU - 1.27
What score will the patient get on Glasgow Coma Scale in case of fatal intracerebral bleeding if:
the patient does not open his eye to any stimuli, does not respond to loud verbal stimulus, no movement reaction is seen?
A) 0
B) 3
C) 1
D) 2
ANSWER
B) 3
EXPLANATION
The minimum point of Glasgow Coma Scale is 3, 1 point for each function.
NEU - 1.28
Which artery’s aneurysm may cause unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy?
A) posterior communicating artery
B) anterior communicating artery
C) ophthalmic artery
D) posterior cerebral artery
ANSWER
A) posterior communicating artery
EXPLANATION
Unilateral total oculomotor nerve lesion can be caused by the aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery, because of its localization it may compress the oculomotor nerve.
NEU - 1.29
What type of electrolyte abnormality may develop after subarachnoid haemorrhage?
A) hypokalaemia
B) hyponatraemia
C) both of them
D) none of them
ANSWER
B) hyponatraemia
EXPLANATION
Often hyponatraemia develops after subarachnoid haemorrhage (because of the disturbance of ADH-secretion).
NEU - 1.30
Which localization is typical for intracerebral bleeding?A) basal ganglia
B) thalamus
C) pons
D) cerebellum
ANSWER
A) basal ganglia
EXPLANATION
The most common localization of intracerebral bleeding is the locus of the basal ganglia
NEU - 1.31
The mortality is the highest if the bleeding is localized in the:
A) thalamus
B) basal ganglia
C) brainstem
D) frontal lobe
ANSWER
C) brainstem
EXPLANATION
The mortality is the highest if the bleeding is localized in the brainstem.
NEU - 1.32
What type of developmental disorder may be associated with congenital intracranial aneurysms?
A) endometriosis
B) ovarian cyst
C) diaschisis
D) polycystic kidney
ANSWER
D) polycystic kidney
EXPLANATION
Congenital cerebral aneurysms may be associated with polycystic kidney.
NEU - 1.33
Where the bleeding is localized in case of the following symptoms: eye-balls in the midline, bilateral miosis and pupils react poorly to light?
A) thalamus
B) pons
C) cerebellum
D) putamen
ANSWER
B) pons
EXPLANATION
In case of intracranial haemorrhage, if the bulbi are in central position, the pupils are point like (myosis), and show poor reaction to light, the bleeding is in the pons probably.
NEU - 1.34
With the help of which examination can the bleeding be seen immediately?
A) EEG
B) SPECT
C) CT
D) PET
ANSWER
C) CT
EXPLANATION
With cranial CT the intracranial bleeding is detected immediately. On native scans homogenous hyperdensity is seen, according to the size it may have a space occupying effect, with a narrow oedema surrounding it in the acute phase.
NEU - 1.35
If the patient has symptoms of definite brainstem lesion and 6 hours after the symptom onset cranial CT excluded bleeding, which examination will help the diagnosis?
A) within 24–72 hours repetition of cranial CT with posterior scala programme
B) cranial MRI
C) auditory evoked potential (BAEP)
D) transcranial Doppler sonography (vertebral artery, basilar artery, posterior cerebral artery)
ANSWER
B) cranial MRI
EXPLANATION
Cranial MRI is necessary for the examination of the posterior scala, brainstem. On CT because of the bone artifacts it can be visualized poorly. MRI shows the ischaemic territory more precisely. The new MRI methods increased the probability of early and precise diagnosis.
NEU - 1.36
Which examination should be done first when ictal cerebral symptoms develop?
A) cranial CT
B) transcranial ultrasound
C) echocardiography
D) Doppler-ultrasonography of the carotid arteries
ANSWER
A) cranial CT
EXPLANATION
In case of sudden onset of cerebral symptoms the first examination must be cranial CT. The first diagnostic decision from the point of view of prognosis and therapeutic approaches should be whether the lesion responsible for the symptoms is bleeding or ischaemia. If there is no bleeding with contrast material large cerebral tumor can be excluded.
NEU - 1.37
On cranial CT in the so called watershed area hypodens lesion is detected, with hyperdense petechia. This is typical for:
A) bleeding
B) chronic infarct
C) fresh infarct
D) haemorrhagic infarct
E) cavernoma
ANSWER
D) haemorrhagic infarct
EXPLANATION
Haemorrhagic infarct is the diagnosis if on cranial CT in the so called watershed zone hypodensity is seen with smaller hyperdense territories inside.
NEU - 1.38
The following symptoms are typical for the occlusion of the ………. artery: short after backpain (but not ictally) flaccid paraplegia with dissociated disturbance of sensation (deep sensation is preserved), urinary and bowel incontinence.
A) posterior spinal artery
B) sulcocommissural artery
C) anterior spinal artery
D) none of them
ANSWER
C) anterior spinal artery
EXPLANATION
The typical symptoms of occlusion of anterior spinal artery are: short (but not ictal) after pain in the thoracic/lumbar region flaccid paraplegia develops, with dissociated sensation disturbance (deep sensation is intact), incontinence (fecal and urinary). Prodromal symptoms (pain in the altitude of the lesion) may be reported before the severe symptoms. Pyramidal signs may be missing at the beginning. A space occupying procedure may compress the anterior spinal artery e.g. disc herniation.
NEU - 1.39
On auscultation of the carotid arteries no bruit can be heard in case of:
A) aortastenosis
B) 70% stenosis of the carotid artery
C) occlusion of the carotid artery
D) inbleeded atherosclerotic plaque
ANSWER
C) occlusion of the carotid artery
EXPLANATION
Examining the supraaortic arteries by auscultation is mandatory screening method. A bruit draws attention to stenosis of the artery if it is not conducted from the heart or the aortic valve. Mild stenosis usually does not cause bruit, but the bruit may also cease when the stenosis is severe. subtotal or occluded. When the character of the bruit changes inbleeding plaque or dissection of the wall of a blood vessel may be in the background. All the above mentioned options need urgent examination (e.g. angiography).
NEU - 1.40
Duplex ultrasonography (duplex scan) is essential in the diagnosis and screening of cerebrovascular diseases. What functions are covered with this name?A) two dimensional („real time”) picture, B mode picture, and it is possible to measure flow velocity with Doppler effect
B) colour picture
C) indicates flow direction
D) shows the source of embolus
ANSWER
A) two dimensional („real time”) picture, B mode picture, and it is possible to measure flow velocity with Doppler effect
EXPLANATION
Duplex ultrasound (duplex scan) is essential in the diagnostics of cerebral ischaemia and screening. The naming shows two functions: two dimension („real time”) picturing (B mode picture), and measuring the flow with the help of Doppler effect. In case of colour coding concerning the direction and velocity of the flow two colours (usually red, blue) are used.
NEU - 1.42
By evaluating the severity of stenosis with duplex scan the measurement of velocity of the systolic and diastolic blood flow is necessary. When should one suspect more than 90% stenosis of the internal carotid artery?
A) if the systolic peak velocity is 110–120 cm/s
B) if the diastolic peak velocity is less than 40 cm/s
C) if the diastolic peak velocity is more than 100 cm/s
D) if the systolic velocity is less than110, diastolic less than 40 cm/s
ANSWER
C) if the diastolic peak velocity is more than 100 cm/s
EXPLANATION
By judging the exact size of the stenosis with duplex scan measuring the systolic and diastolic velocity of the flow is important. Above the systolic peak velocity is 110-120 cm/s, a diastolic peak velocity 40 cm/s stenosis is diagnosed. Above approximately 250 cm/s systolic and 100 cm/s diastolic velocity means a stenosis of more than 90%.
NEU - 1.43
Alternating sensory /motor syndrome is typical of:
A) brainstem lesion
B) bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion
C) occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery
D) occlusion of the posterior choroidal artery
ANSWER
A) brainstem lesion
EXPLANATION
Appearance of alternating (crossed) sensory and/or motor symptoms show a localisation in the brainstem. The locus of the lesion is given by the cranial nerve’s symptom the contralateral „long tract” symptom is caused by the lesion of the tracts running in the base of the brainstem.
NEU - 1.44
When an internal carotid artery stenosis haemodinamically is significant examined with duplex scan ultrasonography?
A) more than 40%-stenosis in cross section
B) more than 20% decrease of diameter
C) more than 30% decrease of the diameter
D) more than 70% stenosis in cross section
ANSWER
D) more than 70% stenosis in cross section
EXPLANATION
Hemodynamically significant internal carotid artery stenosis according to duplex scan examination is when the stenosis is more than 70% of the diameter.
NEU - 1.45
What are the important side effects of ticlopidine?
A) thrombin time will be doubled
B) neutropenia, especially in the first 3 months
C) thrombocyte aggregation inhibition
D) vertigo
ANSWER
B) neutropenia, especially in the first 3 months
EXPLANATION
An important side effect of ticlopidin in the first 3 months is neutrophil leukopenia. White blood cell count and qualitative blood count is necessary in the first 3 months, every 2 weeks, later less often.
NEU - 1.46
Lowering of elevated blood pressure in acute ischemic stroke is not recommended, except:
A) if the diastolic blood pressure exceeds 120 mmHg
B) if systolic blood pressure is 180 mmHg
C) if the symptoms improve dramatically
D) if the ultrasound test does not reveal significant internal carotid artery stenosis
ANSWER
A) if the diastolic blood pressure exceeds 120 mmHg
EXPLANATION
Lowering of elevated blood pressure is not recommended in acute ischemic stroke only if systolic blood pressure exceeds 190-200 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure exceeds 120 mmHg, because decreased cerebral perfusion pressure may cause adverse effects. However, after acute phase of ischemic stroke, hypertension must be treated. Often, high blood pressure decreases spontaneously in a few days.
NEU - 1.47
From the onset of ischemic stroke symptoms, systemic thrombolysis can be indicated:
A) within 6 hours
B) within 12 hours
C) within 24 hours
D) within 4.5 hours
ANSWER
D) within 4.5 hours
EXPLANATION
From the development of ischemic stroke symptoms, thrombolysis may be indicated within 4.5 hours if the patient does not have any other exclusion criteria. If the symptoms are noted upon morning awakening, the onset time of stroke symptoms is uncertain. In this case, the last time point, when the patient was symptom-free, should be considered (e.g. bedtime, night awakening).
NEU - 1.48
In acute ischemic stroke, based on various clinical studies, the following systemic thrombolytic agent has the best effect, with minimal bleeding complications:
A) urokinase
B) rt-PA (recombinant tissue - plasminogen activator)
C) streptokinase
D) ancrod
ANSWER
B) rt-PA (recombinant tissue - plasminogen activator)
EXPLANATION
In acute ischemic stroke, based on various clinical studies, systemic thrombolysis with rt-PA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) is the most effective method with the least bleeding complications.
NEU - 1.49
Treatment of cerebral edema in ischemic stroke:
A) high-dose steroid
B) furosemid
C) mannitol
D) dextran
ANSWER
C) mannitol
EXPLANATION
Mannitol infusion (20%, 200 mg/kg body weight in 10-15 minutes) can be used to treat cerebral edema caused by brain ischemia. In severe cases, Mannitol administration can be repeated every 4-6 hours. After stop of the dehydration, a rebound effect might develop. To avoid renal failure no greater dose than 100 g of mannitol per day sholud be used.
NEU - 1.50
How can the functional status in patient with cerebrovascular disease be evaluated?
A) with Mathew Scale
B) with Barthel index
C) with Canadian Stroke Scale
D) with Orgogozo Scale
E) with combined use of Unified and Motor Score Scales
ANSWER
B) with Barthel index
EXPLANATION
The change of the functional status in patient with cerebrovascular disease can be evaluated by the Barthel scale.
NEU - 1.51
Mechanisms involved in regulation of cerebral blood circulation:
1) neurogenic regulation
2) metabolic regulation
3) cerebral autoregulation
4) no-reflow phenomenon
A) 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
B) 1st and 3rd answers are correct
C) 2nd and 4th answers are correct
D) only 4th answer is correct
E) all of the answers are correct
ANSWER
A) 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
EXPLANATION
Mechanisms involved in regulation of cerebral blood circulation include: neurogenic regulation, metabolic regulation and cerebral autoregulation.
NEU - 1.52
The following(s) play(s) important role in development of stroke:
1) occlusion of external carotid artery
2) hemorheologic changes
3) lack of development of trigeminal primitive artery
4) disturbance of microcirculation
A) 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
B) 1st and 3rd answers are correct
C) 2nd and 4th answers are correct
D) only 4th answer is correct
E) all of the answers are correct
ANSWER
C) 2nd and 4th answers are correct
EXPLANATION
Disturbances of microcirculation, slowing of blood flow play an important role in development of stroke, and are influenced by different hemorheological parameters, as total blood and plasma viscosity, hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen level, deformability of red blood cells, degree of polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregation, etc.
NEU - 1.54
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for stroke?
1) stress
2) TIA
3) alcoholism
4) left ventricular hypertrophy
A) 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
B) 1st and 3rd answers are correct
C) 2nd and 4th answers are correct
D) only 4th answer is correct
E) all of the answers are correct
ANSWER
C) 2nd and 4th answers are correct
EXPLANATION
Non-modifiable risk factors for stroke include (but not limited to): TIA, left ventricular hypertrophy, previous myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, age, gender.
