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Year 2 BRS > Neurology - Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Neurology - Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the cerebral cortex found?

A

Covering the entire surface of the brain

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2
Q

How is the cerebral cortex organised?

A

Organised into lobes
Highly folded with gyri and sulci

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3
Q

What type of neural matter does the cortex consist of?

A

Grey matter - consisting of cell nuclei and glial cells

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4
Q

How is the cerebral cortex organised microscopically?

A

Organised into layers and columns

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5
Q

How many regions of the brain are there and what are they based on?

A

52 distinct regions identified by Korbinian Brodmann
Based on cytoarchitecture

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6
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Pre-central gyrus

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7
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

Post-central gyrus

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8
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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9
Q

What are the roles associated with the frontal lobe?(5)

A

Regulating and initiating motor function
Language
Cognitive functions(executive function such as planning etc…)
Attention
Memory

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10
Q

What are the roles associated with the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation - touch, pain
Sensory aspects of language
Spatial orientation and self-perception

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11
Q

What is the main role of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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12
Q

What are the roles associated with the temporal lobe?(3)

A

Processing auditory information
Emotions
Memories

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13
Q

What are the structures found within the limbic lobe?(4)

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Mamillary body
Cingulate gyrus

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14
Q

What are the main functions associated with the limbic lobe?(4)

A

Learning
Memory
Emotion
Motivation and reward

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15
Q

What is associated with the insular cortex?(5)

A

Visceral sensations
Autonomic control
Interoception
Auditory processing
Visual-vestibular integration

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16
Q

Where is the insular cortex located?

A

Lies deep, within the lateral fissure

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of matter located in the brain

A

Grey and white matter

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18
Q

What is contained within grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies/nuclei and glial cell (~85 billion of each)

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19
Q

What is contained within white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons, arranged in tracts

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20
Q

What is the function of the white matter tracts?

A

To connect cortical areas

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21
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Connect areas within the same hemisphere
Have both long and short fibres

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22
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Connect homologous structures in the left and right hemispheres

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23
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Connect the cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord etc…)

24
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and occipital lobes

25
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and temporal lobes
(specifically Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas)

26
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The temporal and occipital lobes

27
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

The anterior frontal and temporal lobes

28
Q

Name the 2 most significant commissural fibre tracts

A

Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure

29
Q

What are the 2 classifications of projection fibres?

A

Afferent - towards cortex
Efferent - away from cortex

30
Q

What path do the projection fibres follow?

A

Forms the corona radiata deep to the cortex
Converge through the internal capsule between the thalamus and the basal ganglia

31
Q

Outline the differences of functions controlled by primary and secondary cortices

A

Primary cortices:
Predictable function
Organised topographically
Symmetry between left or right
Secondary cortices:
Less predictable functions
Not organised topographically, and little symmetry between left and right

32
Q

What movements are controlled by the primary motor cortex?

A

Controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements
Provides descending signals to execute movements

33
Q

What movements are controlled in the premotor area?

A

Slightly more complicated, planned movements
Externally cued
(something like picking up an object)

34
Q

What movements are controlled in the supplementary area?

A

Involved in planning the most complex movements
Internally cued
(something like speech)

35
Q

What are the main sensory areas of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory
Somatosensory association

36
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory?

A

Processes somatic sensations arising from receptors
(e.g. fine touch, vibration, two -point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature)

37
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association?

A

Interpret significance of sensory information
(e.g. recognising an object placed in the hand)
Awareness of self and personal space

38
Q

What are the main sections of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual
Visual association

39
Q

What is the function of the primary visual?

A

Processes visual stimuli

40
Q

What is the function of the visual association?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

41
Q

What are the mains sections of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory
Auditory association

42
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory?

A

Processes auditory stimuli

43
Q

What is the function of the auditory association?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

44
Q

Name the other 3 association areas

A

Prefontal cortex
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area

45
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?(5)

A

Attention
Adjusting social behaviour
Planning
Personality expression
Decision making

46
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Production of language

47
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Understanding of language

48
Q

What can result from frontal lobe lesions?

A

Changes in personality
Inappropriate behaviour

49
Q

What can result from parietal lobe lesions?

A

Contralateral (opposite side) neglect
Lack of awareness of opposite side of body
Lack of awareness of opposite side of extrapersonal space
(left side of the body or world doesn’t exist/isn’t registered)

50
Q

What can result from temporal lobe lesions

A

Lateral section - leads to agnosia, inability to recognise
Medial section - cannot form new memories, anterograde amnesia

51
Q

What can lesions to Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas cause?

A

Broca’s area - expressive aphasia
(inability to produce speech, comprehension is intact)
Wernicke’s area - receptive aphasia
(inability to comprehend speech, production is intact

52
Q

What can lesions to the primary visual cortex lead to?

A

Blindness in the corresponding area of the visual field

53
Q

What can lesions in the visual association lead to?

A

Difficulties in interpretation of visual information
e.g. Prosopagnosia - inability to recognise faces or learn new ones

54
Q

How can cortical function be assessed?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Measures electrical signals produced by the brain
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Measure magnetic signals produced by the brain

55
Q

How can cortical function be assessed practically?

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

Year 2 BRS (3 decks)

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