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Exam > Neurology and Special Senses > Flashcards

Neurology and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Neural development Day 18

A

Notochord - induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate

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2
Q

What does neural plate give rise to?

A

Neural tube and neural crest cells

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3
Q

What does notochord become?

A

Nucleus pulpous of intervertebral disc in adults

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4
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral plate in neural development

A

Dorsal: alar plate, sensory, regulated by TGF-B (including bone morphogenetic protein BMP)
Ventral: basal, motor, regulated by sonic hedgehog gene (SHH)

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5
Q

Forebrain AKA

A

Prosencephalon

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6
Q

Midbrain AKA

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

Hindbrain AKA

A

Rhombencephalon

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8
Q

Prosencephalon becomes

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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9
Q

Rhombencephalon becomes

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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10
Q

What does telencephalon become?

A

Cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, lateral ventricles

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11
Q

What does diencephalon become?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, retina, third ventricle

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12
Q

What does mesencephalon become?

A

Mid brain and cerebral aqueduct

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13
Q

What does metencephalon become?

A

Pons (and upper part of fourth ventricle)

Cerebellum

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14
Q

What does myelencephalon become?

A

Medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle

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15
Q

What does microglia originate from?

A

Mesoderm

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16
Q

What does neural crest form?

A

PNS neurons, Schwann cells, glia, melanocytes, adrenal medulla

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17
Q

What does the neuroepithelial of neural tube produce?

A

CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes

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18
Q

What is a neural tube defect?

A

Neuropores fail to fuse (4th week)= persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal

19
Q

What is neural tube defects associated with?

A

Diabetes and folate deficiency

20
Q

Neural tube defect confirmatory tests

A

Increased AFP in amniotic fluid and increased AChE

21
Q

What neural tube defect doesn’t have an increased AFP?

A

Spinal bifida occult

22
Q

What is spina bifida occult?

A

Failure of caudal neuropore to close but no herniation
Seen in lower vertebral levels
Dura is intact
Tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect

23
Q

What is a meningocele?

A

Meninges (but no neural tissue) herniate through bony defect

24
Q

What is myelomeningocecle?

A

Meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect

25
Q

What is myeloschisis?

A

AKA rachischisis

Exposed unfused neural tissue without skin/meningeal covering

26
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Failure of rostral neuropore to close = no forebrain, open calvarium
Polyhydramnois

27
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Failure of embryonic forebrain to separate into 2 cerebral hemispheres usually during weeks 5-6

28
Q

What causes holoprosencephaly?

A

Possible mutation in SHH

29
Q

What is holoprosencephaly additionally associated with?

A

Midline defects = cleft palate, and cyclopean, increased risk for pituitary dysfunction (diabetes insipidus)

30
Q

What syndrome can present with holoprosencephaly?

A

Patau

Trisomy 13

31
Q

MRI of holoprosencephaly

A

Monoventricle and fusion of basal ganglia

32
Q

What is lishencephaly

A

Failure of neuronal migration resulting in “smooth” brain that lacks sulci and gyri

33
Q

What is a chairi I malformation ?

A

Ectopia of cerebellar tonsils inferior to foramen magnum

Congenital, asymptomatic in childhood, headaches and cerebellar syndromes in adulthood

34
Q

What causes chiari I malformation?

A

Syringomyelia

35
Q

What is a Chiari II malformation?

A

Herniation of cerebellar vermin and tonsils through foramen magnum with aqueduct stenosis

36
Q

Aqueductal stenosis causes what kind of hydrocephalus?

A

Noncommunicating

37
Q

What is Chiari II malformations associated with?

A

Meylomeningocele (may present with paralysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion)

38
Q

What Chiari malformation appears in childhood?

A

II

39
Q

What is Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

Agenesis of cerebellar vermis -> cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle that fills the enlarged posterior fossa

40
Q

What is DW malformation associated with?

A

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, spina bifida

41
Q

What is a syringomyelia?

A

Cystic cavity within central canal of spinal cord

42
Q

What is damaged first in syringomyelia?

A

Anterior white commissure (spinothalamic tract)

= Cape like bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities

43
Q

Most common for syringomyelia? C?T?L?

A

C>T>L

Exam (6 decks)

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