Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(Physio) Health Sciences > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands? A) temporal B) parietal C) occipital D) frontal

A

D) frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

You have read with interest Terje Lomos original observations on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rabbit hippocampus. You are convinced that subsequent research provides strong evidence for a role of LTP in memory formation.This role depends upon which neuronal property? A. Faster signal conduction B. Increased pre-synaptic excitability C. Increased axonal branching D. Reduced numbers of synapses E. Increased synaptic strength

A

E. Increased synaptic strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • indirect
  • mostly subconcious
  • doesn’t pass down to spine, but to brain stem nuclei (ANS)

Which motor neuron pathway does this describe?

A

Extra-pyramidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If the dorsal coloumn pathway is damaged, where does damage show i.e. contra or ipsilateral side

A

Ipsilateral side as the axon doesn’t decasate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In a ‘generic’ sensory pathway, where would a 2nd order neuron most likely be located?

A

•Cell body in dorsal horn or Brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If someone injures their head and loses vision in the left field, what brain region is damaged? A) Left Parietal Lobe B) Right Parietal lobe C) Left occipital lobe D) Right occipital lobe E) Left optic nerve

A

D) Right occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe proprioceptive deafferentation

A

interuption/disruption of the afferent nerve cells

Without the usual proprioceptive input from the dorsal horn, the sensory pathway is virtually unable to make meaningful movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 6 main sensory receptors responsible for limb proprioception

A
  • pacinian corpuscle
  • raffini ending
  • free nerve endings
  • Golgi tendon organ
  • Kinaesthetic receptors
  • muscle spindle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two motor pathway categories in the spinal cord?

A

Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are chemically gated ion channels opened by

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe what triggers an action potential

A

All or nothing event An increase in membrane potential above the threshold potential (usually around -70mV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a sensory neuron

A

neurons responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli. They are activated by sensory input, and send projections to other elements of the nervous system, ultimately conveying sensory information to the brain or spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used in the post-ganglionic sympathetic innervation of sweat glands in the skin? A) Noradrenaline B) Acetylcholine C) Dopamine D) Glutamaye E) Serotonin

A

B) Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the role of proprioception in the control of normal movement

A

The sense though which we perceive the position and movement of our body, including our sense of equilibrium and balance (senses that depend on the notion of force)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does botox work

A

cleaves SNARE proteins to stop Ach vesicles fusing to the terminal bouton. This prevents exocytosis, and ‘freezes’ the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the vestibular system?

A

The inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

cell type in the CNS concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 basic functional classes of a neuron

A

sensory interneuron motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does ischaemic damage do to nerves

A

Cellular respiration stops Cells depolarise Massive calcium influx Excitotoxicity (glutamate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the withdrawal reflex

A
  • Pain signal travels along the Ad fibre, to the dorsal root ganglion
  • travels across an interneuron to the anterior horn cell
  • travels along a motor neuron to move e..g the hand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In a ‘generic’ sensory pathway, where would a 1st order neuron most likely be located?

A

•Sensory cell body in DRG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the muscle spindle fibres use

A

Spinocerebellar- unconcious

Muscle/Tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cell seen in the PNS

A
  • Satellite cells - Schwann cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Botulinum toxin interferes with neuronal signalling by blocking exocytosis. What type of biological molecule is normally released in this situation? A. Neurotransmitter B. Peptide hormone C. Phospholipid D. Prostaglandin E. Steroid hormone

A

A. Neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

epithelial cells in the CNS which mainly produce CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS? A) dura mater B) arachnoid mater C) subarachnoid D) pia mater

A

A) dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe what happens at the synaptic cleft

A
  1. action potential reaches the pre-synaptic knob 2. vesicles are transported to the membrane by the SNARE complex 3. vesicle contents (ACh) released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft 4. ACh binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic knob 5. Na released causing depolarisation 6. Action potential propagated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fill in the blanks: The brain is folded inwards, producing —— (rounded ridges). The grooves in between these are ——. Deeper versions of these are called ——. A) Sulci, Grooves, Fissures B) Fissures, Gyri, Sulci C) Gyri, Fissures, Sulci D) Gyri, Sulci, Fissures

A

D) Gyri, Sulci, Fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do we have 3 semicircular canals at different angles?

A

To detect movement in the 3 planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are astrocytes

A

the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft

A

-diffuse away in the cleft -broken down by enzymes -reuptaken and transported to neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cell seen in the CNS

A

Astrocytes Microglial cells Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the SNARE complex

A

a group of proteins which mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the fusion of vesicles with their target membrane bound compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do muscle spindles detect

A

proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do free nerve endings detect

A

pain, temperature, light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do kinaesthetic receptors detect

A

proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where does the indirect spinothalamic pathway go?

A

NOT to the somatosensory cortex, but to other areas of the brain such as:

  • reticular formation
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system
  • periaqueducted grey- descending pain modulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do raffian endings detect

A

Stretching of skin/muscle and heavy touch pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the scarpes ganglion

A

(a vestibular ganglion)

Projects nerves to the vestibular nuclei via the vestibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

function of the utricle

A

posture and equilibrium during linear accleration in the horizontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is a motor neuron

A

eurons located in the central nervous system, and they project their axons outside of the CNS to directly or indirectly control muscles. They interface between a motor neuron and the neuromuscular junction.

42
Q

Describe the projection of the spinocerebellar pathway

A
  • 1st order neuron in DGR synapses in dorsal horn
  • 2nd order neuron projects ipsilaterally to the cerebellum
43
Q

What are voltage-gated ion channels opened by

A

Changes in membrane potential

44
Q

“At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to which ion? A. Calcium B. Chloride C. Magnesium D. Potassium E. Sodium

A

D. Potassium

45
Q

What is the difference between graded and action potentials.

A

An action potential is a binary all-or-nothing event, while a graded potential is an analog signal based on the amplitude of the signal

46
Q

Parkinsons disease is a neurological condition, characterised by hypokinesia (diminished motor function), tremor and muscular rigidity. L-DOPA is used to treat this disease because? A. Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier B. L-DOPA evokes dopamine release C. L-DOPA selectively antagonises enzymes which inactivate dopamine D. The chemical synthesis of dopamine is uneconomic E. The effects of L-DOPA are longer lasting than those of dopamine

A

A. Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier

47
Q

what are the two areas of the spinothalamic pathway (in the spinal cord)?

A

ventral spinothalamic (crude touch)

lateral spinothalamic (pain/heat)

48
Q

“What is the innermost protective layer of the brain? A. Arachnoid membrane B. Arachnoid trabecula C. Cerebrospinal layer D. Dura mater E. Pia mater

A

E. Pia mater

49
Q

Function of the semicircular canals

A

posture and equilibrium during rotational/angular acceleration

50
Q

where does the corticobulbar pathway go?

A

face, head and neck

51
Q

In a ‘generic’ sensory pathway, where would a 2nd order neuron most likely be located?

A

•Cell body in thalamus

52
Q

What is the cell body

A

each neurone has a cell body (or soma) that contains a nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other cellular components.

53
Q

The frontal lobe controls: A) higher cognition B) memory C) Olfaction D) spatial awareness

A

A) higher cognition

54
Q

The movement of which ion initially depolarises the membrane to activate Ca2+ channels? A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Potassium E) Sodium

A

E) Sodium

55
Q

Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the kinaesthetic receptor use

A

Dorsal column- fine touch/vibrations

Skin and Joints

56
Q

If the spinothalamic pathway is damaged- where does damage present i.e. contra or ipsilateral side?

A

contralateral side as the pathway descasates

57
Q

What are the 4 main stages of an action potential

A
  1. resting state 2. depolarisation 3. repolarisation 4. hyperpolarisation
58
Q

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for control of skeletal muscle contraction? A) Sympathetic B) Parasympathetic C) Enteric D) Somatic

A

D) Somatic

59
Q

What are the 3 ‘-neurium’ layers of a nerve

A

endoneurium (innermost) perineurium epineurium (outermost)

60
Q

Function of the ampullae

A

a structure in the vestibular system, providing the sense of spatial orientation.

Give us vectoral information regarding acceleration and location

61
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

where the AP ‘jumps’ between nodes of ranvier increasing the conduction speed

62
Q

Which of these is not a type of glial cell? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Astrocytes D) Motor neuron

A

D) Motor neuron

63
Q

What are microglia

A

cells derived from mesoderm that function as macrophages (scavengers) in the central nervous system

64
Q

What is conduction velocity dependent on

A

the axon diameter myelination

65
Q

What are the 3 nerve injury classifications of Seddon’s classification scheme

A
  1. Neurapraxia 2. Axonotmesis 3. Neurotmesis
66
Q

State the 3 inputs which work together to coordinate meaningful muscle movements

A
  • Visual input
  • Vestibular input
  • Proprioceptive input
67
Q

What are the general roles of the glial cells

A

Surround and support neurons Electrical insulation Supply nutrients Maintain chemical environment Destroy / remove dead cells and pathogens

68
Q

what is an electrical synapse

A

direct electrical connections formed by connexons which all the cell to act as a functional syncytium with other cells

69
Q

Which system is depicted here

A

The vestibular system

70
Q

where does the corticospinal pathway go?

A

to the spine

71
Q

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus? A) ependymal cell B) astrocyte C) oligodendrocyte D) Schwann cell

A

A) ependymal cell

72
Q

How is the SNARE complex affected by botox

A

the SNARE proteins are cleaved by botox, resulting in the prevention of the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis.

73
Q
  • direct
  • concious
  • down spine to spinal level target
  • axons project down through pyramids of medulla

Which type of motor neuron is this a description of?

A

Pyramidal

74
Q

What are otolith organs

A

The otolith organs sense gravity and linear acceleration such as from due to initiation of movement in a straight line.

A set of hair cells are coupled to a mass of stones.

75
Q

The parietal lobe controls: A) Speech B) Proprioception C) Personality D) Voluntary motor action

A

B) Proprioception

76
Q

Name two of the extrapyramidal pathways

A

–Rubrospinal

–Tectospinal

–Vestibulospinal

–Reticulospinal

77
Q

Outline a very basic concept for how we control movement

A
78
Q

what does the spinocerebellar pathway control

A

unconcious movements, balance, fine tuning of motor control

79
Q

What is an axon

A

a structure that carries an electrical impulse from the cell body (or from another cell’s dendrites) to the structures at opposite end of the neuron—axon terminals,

80
Q

Describe what happens in the ageing process to the CNS

A

Neuronal atrophy Loss of myelination Noisy processing Dopamine loss

81
Q

What is the refractory period

A

short phase in time following an action potential where another action potential cannot be generated. Means that the AP must travel forwards, and not back down the axon.

82
Q

State 3 target areas in the brain for proprioceptive information

A

Somatosensory cortex and associative areas: early cognition

Primary motor cortex: e.g. initiation of motor control

Pre-motor cortex: e.g. develops patterns of movement

Cerebellum: e.g. refinement of motor control

Brain stem nuclei: e.g. refinement of motor control

Spinal cord: e.g. spinal reflex loops

83
Q

What is the resting membrane potential maintained by

A

leak channels and Na/K ATPase

84
Q

Describe what happens in the ageing process to the PNS

A

Declined axonal transport Axonal atrophy Myelin loss Impaired regeneration

85
Q

what does the dorsal column pathway control?

A

fine touch and concious proprioception

86
Q

What are dendrites

A

branch-like structures extending away from the cell body, and their job is to receive messages from other neurons and allow those messages to travel to the cell body.

87
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles detect

A

Changes in pressure

88
Q

What do golgi tendon organs detect

A

proprioception

89
Q

what is an interneuron

A

neither sensory nor motor; rather, they act as the “middle men” that form connections between the other two types. Located in the CNS, they operate locally, meaning their axons connect only with nearby sensory or motor neurons.

90
Q

How do otolith organs work

A
  • When the stones accelerate, with respect to the hairs, they exert a shearing force on the hairs.
  • This force is detected by the hair cells and sent to the brain via branches of the vestibular nerve.
  • The utricle sends input to the brain via the superior division of the nerve, and the saccule, via the inferior division.
91
Q

Describe the projection of the generic motor neuron

A
  1. UMN, axon from the somatic motor cortex projects down through spine and decasates
  2. May be an interneuron
  3. LMN axon projects through the ventral root of the dorsal horn
92
Q

Where is the sensory homunculus found?

A

somatosensory cortex, post-central gyrus, parietal lobe

93
Q

Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the raffian corpuscle use

A

Dorsal column- fine touch/vibrations

Skin and Joints

94
Q

what is the purpose of the extrapyramidal motor pathway

A

•Modifies movements: Modulatory actions on LMN

95
Q

Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the pacinian corpuscle use

A

Dorsal column- fine touch/vibrations

Skin and Joints

96
Q

Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the free nerve ending use

A

Spinothalemic- concious

Detects changes in skin

97
Q

Which of these are not roles of the basal ganglia? A) involuntary movement B) some cognitive function C) sleep

A

C) sleep

98
Q

What does the spinothalamic pathway send information regarding?

A

pain, heat, vague sense of touch

99
Q

What type of pathway is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

sensory pathway

100
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when that cell is in a rested state

101
Q

Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the golgi tendon organ use

A

Spinocerebellar- unconsious

Muscles/Tendon

102
Q

function of the saccule

A

measures posture and equilibrium during linear accleration in vertical accleration

(Physio) Health Sciences (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions