Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(Physio) Health Sciences > Atherosclerosis and Arterial Disease > Flashcards

Atherosclerosis and Arterial Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which nerve is responsible for decreasing heart rate

A

Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which nerves are responsible for increasing heart rate

A

sympathetic cardiac nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the cardio-respiratory control centre located (brain)

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerve fibres originate

A

originate in the reticular formation of the brain stem and innervate the SA & AV nodes and myocardium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate from?

A

vagal nucleus of the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define tonic activity (of sympathetic nerve fibres)

A

tonic contraction in this case is a constant level of activation from both branches of the ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does blood vessel tone dictate

A

the ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What neurotransmitters are present in sympathetic neurons

A

Norepinephrine- epinephrine and dopamine aka noradrenaline and adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which cells help control blood flow to all vessels via the release of vasodilators (e.g., nitric oxide) and constricting factors.

A

endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can haemodynamic/ANS function be assessed?

A

An orthostatic challenge wherein the assessment of central and peripheral blood pressures can provide a valid and reliable clinical indication of cardiovascular health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: Heart disease is currently the leading cause of death in developed countries.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What (simply) is heart disease caused by?

A

impaired coronary blood flow i.e. caused by things such as atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is a measurement of our blood pressure important?

A

gives a valid and reliable clinical indication of cardiovascular health can predict future cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is earlier detection of non-communicable disease good

A

-prevent the illness -can continue to work etc -improves financial economy -improves mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define atheroscelrosis

A

Chronic inflammatory condition affecting large- and medium sized vessels (e.g., aorta, coronary arteries, and large vessels supplying the brain) Characterised by ‘hardening’ of the arteries due to the formation of fibrofatty legions in the intimal lining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

State 3 risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

ØAge (Men: ≥45 y; Women: ≥55 y or premature menopause without oestrogen replacement therapy)

ØFamily history of premature CHD (MI or sudden death before 55 y in male first-degree relative, or before 65 y in female first-degree relative)

ØCurrent cigarette smoking

ØHypertension (≥140/90 mmHg [confirmed on several occasions] or on antihypertensive medication)

ØLow HDL cholesterol (<40mg/dL)

ØDiabetes Mellitus

ØHigh HDL cholesterol (≥ 60mg/dL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

State the basic pathophysiology process of atherosclerosis

A
  1. Endothelial Dysfunction (Injury) à Increased permeability & leucocyte adhesion, with monocyte emigration and platelet adhesion.
  2. Smooth muscle cell migration from media to intima
  3. Lipid accumulation in intima, and macrophage engulfment of lipids à Foam Cells
  4. Smooth muscle proliferation, and deposition of collagen & other extracellular matrix
  5. Development of fibrous plaque with lipid core
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

State 4 causes of Endothelial dysfunction?

A

ØNormal microvascular wear and tear

ØFibrinogen

ØFree radicals

ØTurbulent flow

ØViral attack

ØCarbon monoxide

ØSmoking

ØHyperlipidaemia

ØHypertension

ØInsulin Resistance

ØDiabetes Mellitus

ØAgeing

20
Q

suggest 3 likely causes of atherosclerosis

A
  • obesity
  • poor diet
  • smoking
  • excess alchohol
  • genetic predisposition
  • reduced physical activity
  • pollutants (i.e. air)
21
Q

Examples of diseases related to disease of the coronary arteries

A
  • Angina,
  • myocardial infarction (MI),
  • dysrhythmias,
  • conduction defects,
  • heart failure
  • sudden death.
22
Q

What are the two types of atherosclerotic lesions:

A

–Stable Plaque

Obstructs blood flow; associated with chronic ischaemic heart disease (e.g., stable angina)

–Unstable Plaque

Can rupture causing platelet adhesion and thrombus formation; associated with unstable angina and MI.

23
Q

What are the three acute coronary syndromes

A

(1) Unstable Angina,
(2) Non-ST segment elevation MI
(3) ST segment elevation MI

24
Q

describe briefly unstable angina:

A

–Characterised by symptoms (usually prolonged: >20 minutes) at rest

–No serum markers for myocardial damage

25
Q

describe briefly non-ST segment elevation MI:

A

–Characterised by symptoms (usually prolonged: >20 minutes) at rest

–Serum markers for myocardial damage present – indicating severe ischaemia and damage to the myocardial tissues

26
Q

Describe briefly ST segment elevation MI:

A

–Acute MI (heart attack) characterised by ischaemic death of myocardial tissue.

–Serum markers detectable

–Area of infarct = vessel affected:

  • •30-40 % Right Coronary Artery
  • •40-50 % Left Anterior Descending Artery
  • •15-20 % Left Circumflex Artery

–Sudden death from Acute MI à death occurs within 1h symptom onset

–Usually attributed to fatal dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)

–Early hospitalisation greatly improves chances of survival

27
Q

Define chronic ischaemic heart disease

A

Inability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to meet the metabolic demands of the heart.

28
Q

What are the three classifications of chronic ischaemic heart disease

A

–Chronic Stable Angina is associated with a fixed atherosclerotic obstruction and pain that is precipitated by increased work demands on the heart but which is relieved by rest.

–Variant Angina results from spasms of the coronary arteries or other dysfunctions.

–Silent Myocardial Ischaemia occurs without symptoms.

29
Q

What does the following definition refer to?

‘Involves vessels occlusions or rupture leading to focal or localised brain damage, or global hypoxia-ischaemia that causes widespread brain injury’

A

Cerebrovascular Disease

30
Q

the carotid artery supplies which arteries of the brain initially

A

anterior and middle cerebral arteries

31
Q

where is the most common site for a thrombosis in the brain

A

the middle cerebral artery

32
Q

what are the three types of stroke

A
  • thrombotic
  • embolic
  • haemorrhagic
33
Q

describe a thrombotic stroke

A

blood clot (thrombus) blocks an artery in the area of the brain where it is formed

34
Q

describe an embolic stroke

A

a plaque/clot breaks off and blocks an artery elsewhere in the brain to where it formed

35
Q

describe a haemorrhagic stroke

A

aneurysm due to increase BP in the meniges or cerebrum of the brain

36
Q

outline some common symptoms of a stroke

A
  • weakness/paralysis
  • decreased sensation
  • aphasia
  • dysphasia
  • dysphagia
  • Sight problems
37
Q

define the ischaemic core

A

an area of severe ischemia (blood flow below 10% to 25%), the loss of oxygen and glucose results in rapid depletion of energy stores.

38
Q

define an ischaemic penumbra

A

he area surrounding an ischemic event such as thrombotic or embolic stroke. Immediately following the event, blood flow and therefore oxygen transport is reduced locally, leading to hypoxia of the cells nearby

39
Q

Define TIA

A

transient ischaemic attack

is an ischaemic brain attack with focal cerebral or retinal symptoms that last <24 h, usually <1 h

40
Q

True or False:

Approximately 40% of all strokes are heralded by a TIA

A

False

15% of strokes are

Meta-analyses have demonstrated the short-term risk of stroke after TIA to be between 3-10% at 2 days, and 9-17% at 90 days

41
Q

Outline peripheral arterial disease

A

PAD refers to an obstruction of the large arteries that supply the body’s periphery

Causes acute or chronic ischaemia

42
Q

What are 2 risk factors for PAD

A

ØAge (men aged 60+ y)

ØSmoking

ØDiabetes Mellitus

43
Q

3 symptoms of PAD

A
  • Pain and cramping with walking (particularly calf pain)
  • Tingling / aching / numbness in legs or feet
  • Atrophic changes (thinning skin & subcutaneous fat)
  • Cool foot
  • Popliteal pulse weak or absent
  • Blanched limb colour when leg elevated à gravitational effects on perfusion pressure
  • Ischaemic pain at rest
  • Ulceration
  • Gangrene development
44
Q

What are the three factors you can medically measure to detect atherosclerosis (and how)

A
  1. endothelial dysfunction (flow mediated dilation- ultrasound)
  2. vascular stiffness (pulse wave velocity analysis)
  3. vessel morphology (CT/MRI)
45
Q

How can exercise help to reduce the liklihood of stroke/atherosclerosis

A
  • reduces BP,
  • improve blood lipid profile (increases HDL cholesterol)
  • improves aerobic fitness, both in the acute and long-term
  • improves coronary artery endothelial function
  • reduces risk of other diseases i.e. T2 diabetes
  • Improves BMI/weight

(Physio) Health Sciences (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions