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(Physio) Health Sciences > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of trabecular bone?

A

→ spongy → interlocking struts with spaces inbetween

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2
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

→ Terminally differentiated osteoblasts

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3
Q

What is the RANK ligand produced by and what does it do?

A

→ Produced by pre-osteoblasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes → binds to RANK and stimulates osteoclast differentiation

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4
Q

State the 7 organisation levels in the body

A
  1. Organism level
  2. Systems level
  3. Organ level
  4. Tissue level
  5. Cellular level
  6. Organelle level
  7. Chemical level
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5
Q

What are the two subtypes of bone marrow cells?

A

→ Mesenchymal cells → Haematopoietic cells

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6
Q

What does the RANK receptor binding promote?

A

→ osteoclast differentiation

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7
Q

What is a common bone disease?

A

→ Osteoporosis

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8
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Mainly water and hygroscopic proteoglycans

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9
Q

What happens after the Wnt pathway is activated?

A

→ beta catenin is translocated to the nucleus where it causes transcription

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10
Q

What is the structure of trabecular bone?

A

→ spongy → interlocking struts with spaces inbetween

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11
Q

What are the three main components of connective tissue

A
  • Ground substance or matrix
  • Cells
  • Fibres (elastin and collagen)
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12
Q

What happens after the Wnt pathway is activated?

A

→ beta catenin is translocated to the nucleus where it causes transcription

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13
Q

What do haematopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A

→ Lymphoid lineage - lymphocytes → Myeloid lineage - RBC and macrophages

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14
Q

How is cortical bone organised?

A

→ In sheet like structures → Surrounding a hollow structure called the Haversian canal

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15
Q

What are the 4 main types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
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16
Q

What do OPG and NO do?

A

→ Inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts

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17
Q

What 2 changes occur during osteoporosis?

A

→ Thinning of the cortical bone → Widening of the trabecular bone

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18
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A
  • Binding of organs
  • Support
  • Physical protection
  • Immune protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Heat production
  • Transport
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19
Q

How is bone continually renewed?

A

→ Old bone is continually resorbed and new bone is laid down → Cycle between osteoclasts digesting old bone and osteoblasts laying down new bone

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20
Q

What is the life cycle of osteoclasts controlled by?

A

→ Apoptosis

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21
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

→ Encased within the bone matrix

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22
Q

What is delayed skeletal growth in men linked to?

A

→ Aromatase deficiency

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23
Q

An individual skeletal muscle cell

A

Muscle Fiber

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24
Q

What are the 5 functions of bone?

A

→ Support and movement → Protection for internal organs → Bone marrow store → Mineral reservoir → Endocrine

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25
Q

What do PGE2, NO and ATP promote?

A

→ Differentiation of osteoblasts

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26
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium

A
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27
Q

What is the function of trabecular bone?

A

→ Makes bone lighter

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28
Q

What does the RANK ligand promote?

A

→ Promotes the differentiation of osteoclasts

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29
Q

Where is cortical compact bone found?

A

→ On the outside

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30
Q

What are the 5 functions of bone?

A

→ Support and movement → Protection for internal organs → Bone marrow store → Mineral reservoir → Endocrine

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31
Q

What are the 3 factors that control bone remodelling?

A

→ Load bearing exercise → Cytokines and local signals → Endocrine

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32
Q

What are the 2 functions of osteoclasts?

A

→ Bone reabsorbing - digest old bone → Dissolve bone mineral and have enzymes to digest the organic matrix

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33
Q

Where is cortical compact bone found?

A

→ On the outside

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34
Q

What is a protease that osteoclasts secrete?

A

→ Cathepsin K

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35
Q

Describe stratified epithelia

A
  • Two or more cell layers (20 or more)
  • Regenerate from below
  • Basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface
  • Mechanism of epidermis replacement
  • More durable than simple epithelia
  • Physical protection is major role
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36
Q

What are lacunae?

A

→ cell sized holes within the bone matrix

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37
Q

What is sclerosteosis caused by?

A

→ Mutation of the SOST gene → Inactivating sclerostin protein

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38
Q

What is OPG?

A

→ A soluble protein produced by osteocytes

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39
Q

What does OPG do?

A

→ Acts as an antagonist → binds to RANK ligand and prevents it from binding to the receptor

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40
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

→ They lay down bone matrix (organic material that becomes mineralised)

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41
Q

What is bone mineral?

A

→ Hydroxyapatite → Calcium and Phosphate

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42
Q

What do OPG and NO do?

A

→ Inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts

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43
Q

What are the steps for activating Wnt?

A

→ The frizzled receptor → and the co-receptor called LRP5/6 have to interace

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44
Q

What is the composition of bone in %s?

A

→ Protein : organic osteoid matrix 25% → Mineral : 75% → Cells

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45
Q

What is RANK?

A

→ A surface receptor on pre-osteoclasts that stimulates osteoclast differentiation

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46
Q

What do PGE2, NO and ATP promote?

A

→ Differentiation of osteoblasts

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47
Q

How do osteocytes extend?

A

→ Via multiple dendrites via minute canals in the bone matrix

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48
Q

What is the function of bone mineral?

A

→ Gives bone rigidity and compressive strength

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49
Q

What do sclerostin, DDK and SFRP1 inhibit?

A

→ Inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts

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50
Q

Where is trabecular bone found?

A

→ Near the head of the bone

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51
Q

How is cortical bone organised?

A

→ In sheet like structures → Surrounding a hollow structure called the Haversian canal

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52
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

→ Encased within the bone matrix

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53
Q

What are the 3 main types of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Areolar connective tissue
  2. Dense connective tissue
  3. Adipose connective tissue
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54
Q

In what gender is osteoporosis more common in?

A

→ Women

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55
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

→ Loss of bone mass above a certain threshold

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56
Q

Broadly describe muscular tissue as a category of tissue class

A
  • Excitable
  • Specialised for contraction
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57
Q

What is the role of estrogen in bone remodelling?

A

→inhibits osteocyte apoptosis → Promotes osteoclast apoptosis → essential for skeletal health

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58
Q

What is the effector of the Wnt pathway?

A

→ beta catenin

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59
Q

What are the two subtypes of bone marrow cells?

A

→ Mesenchymal cells → Haematopoietic cells

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60
Q

What does process does estrogen favor?

A

→ Formation over resorption

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61
Q

What do haematopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A

→ Lymphoid lineage - lymphocytes → Myeloid lineage - RBC and macrophages

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62
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

→ Lining the inner surface of bone

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63
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

→ Loss of bone mass above a certain threshold

64
Q

What is osteopetrosis caused by?

A

→ Inactivating the RANK ligand → overgrowth of bone

65
Q

Role played by a skeletal muscle acting to slow or stop a movement

A

Antagonist

66
Q

What are the 2 functions of osteoclasts?

A

→ Bone reabsorbing - digest old bone → Dissolve bone mineral and have enzymes to digest the organic matrix

67
Q

A flat sheet like fibrous tissue that connects muscle or bone to other tissues

A

Aponeurosis

68
Q

What do osteoclasts secrete?

A

→ Acid and proteases that are active in acidic environments

69
Q

What are the steps for activating Wnt?

A

→ The frizzled receptor → and the co-receptor called LRP5/6 have to interace

70
Q

What is a common bone disease?

A

→ Osteoporosis

71
Q

How does bone remodelling occur?

A

→ The leading edge is where cells differentiate into osteoclasts → Behind that the new osteoblasts differentiate into new bone → As the osteoblasts lay down the new bone some of them will stay in it where they are encased in lacunae

72
Q

What is the function of the organic protein matrix?

A

→ Gives flexibility and tensile strength

73
Q

What are the 3 functions of osteoblasts?

A

→ Bone forming cells → Secrete osteoid collagen matrix of bone → Promote mineralisation of the osteoid

74
Q

What is OPG?

A

→ A soluble protein produced by osteocytes

75
Q

What is sclerosteosis caused by?

A

→ Mutation of the SOST gene → Inactivating sclerostin protein

76
Q

Contraction accompanied by lengthening of a muscle

A

Eccentric

77
Q

A connective tissue sheath that envelops each primary bundle of muscle fibers.

A

Perimysium

78
Q

What 2 changes occur during osteoporosis?

A

→ Thinning of the cortical bone → Widening of the trabecular bone

79
Q

What does process does estrogen favor?

A

→ Formation over resorption

80
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

→ Osteoblasts → Osteoclasts → Osteocytes → Bone marrow cells

81
Q

What ratio controls osteoclast differentiation?

A

→ Ratio of RANK ligand to OPG

82
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A
83
Q

In what two forms can the RANK ligand exist in?

A

→ Surface bounds → Soluble form that is secreted from osteocytes

84
Q

How is bone continually renewed?

A

→ Old bone is continually resorbed and new bone is laid down → Cycle between osteoclasts digesting old bone and osteoblasts laying down new bone

85
Q

Why is osteoporosis more common in women?

A

→ dramatic loss of estrogen due to menopause

86
Q

Where is sclerostin expressed and what does it do?

A

→ Expressed in osteocytes → stops osteoblast differentiation

87
Q

What is the life cycle of osteoclasts controlled by?

A

→ Apoptosis

88
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

→ Osteoblasts → Osteoclasts → Osteocytes → Bone marrow cells

89
Q

Role played by a skeletal muscle to cause a movement

A

Agonist

90
Q

In what two forms can the RANK ligand exist in?

A

→ Surface bounds → Soluble form that is secreted from osteocytes

91
Q

What is the function of bone mineral?

A

→ Gives bone rigidity and compressive strength

92
Q

What is the function of the organic protein matrix?

A

→ Gives flexibility and tensile strength

93
Q

What is RANK?

A

→ A surface receptor on pre-osteoclasts that stimulates osteoclast differentiation

94
Q

Describe the basic function of ‘cyte’ cells and give and example

A

“Cyte” cells

Mature form; maintains/recycle/breaks down ground substance

Chondrocytes in cartilage

Osteocytes in bone

95
Q

What is the RANK ligand produced by and what does it do?

A

→ Produced by pre-osteoblasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes → binds to RANK and stimulates osteoclast differentiation

96
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells make?

A

→ Osteoblasts and osteocytes

97
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

→ Lining the inner surface of bone

98
Q

Where is trabecular bone found?

A

→ Near the head of the bone

99
Q

Name the four categories into which tissues are classified

A
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
100
Q

Where is sclerostin expressed and what does it do?

A

→ Expressed in osteocytes → stops osteoblast differentiation

101
Q

The ability to contract or shorten

A

Contractility

102
Q

Describe simple epithelia

A
  • Three main types
  • One layer of cells
  • Basement membrane
  • Different shape nuclei
  • Basal/apical specialisation
  • No blood vessels
103
Q

What are the 3 functions of osteoblasts?

A

→ Bone forming cells → Secrete osteoid collagen matrix of bone → Promote mineralisation of the osteoid

104
Q

A wave of symmetrical squeezing of the digestive tract walls that occur during digestion

A

Peristalsis

105
Q

What is the function of the lacunocanalicular system?

A

→ Maintains communication between the bone surface and blood vessels

106
Q

What is osteopetrosis caused by?

A

→ Inactivating the RANK ligand → overgrowth of bone

107
Q

Describe the basic function of clast cells, and give and example

A

“Clast” cells – break down of connective tissue

  • Osteoclast in bone
  • Chondroclast in cartilage
108
Q

How do osteocytes extend?

A

→ Via multiple dendrites via minute canals in the bone matrix

109
Q

What is the Wnt pathway regulated by?

A

→ DKK and Sclerostin

110
Q

What is a rare bone disease?

A

→ Osteomalacia

111
Q

What is the function of trabecular bone?

A

→ Makes bone lighter

112
Q

What does the RANK receptor binding promote?

A

→ osteoclast differentiation

113
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells make?

A

→ Osteoblasts and osteocytes

114
Q

What do osteoclasts secrete?

A

→ Acid and proteases that are active in acidic environments

115
Q

A fine protective sheath of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

116
Q

What are the function of Haversian canals?

A

→ Allow for blood vessel penetration

117
Q

What are the 3 phases of bone remodelling?

A

→ Activation : promotion of differentiation of new osteoclasts → Resorption : duration of osteoclast activity → Reversal : osteoclast apoptosis, terminating activity

118
Q

What do osteoclasts look like?

A

→ They are large and multinucleate

119
Q

What are the function of Haversian canals?

A

→ Allow for blood vessel penetration

120
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers

A

Fascicle

121
Q

The ability to respond to a stimulus

A

Irritability

122
Q

What are the two basic classifications of epithelial tissue

A
123
Q

Broadly describe nervous tissue as a category of tissue class

A
  • Excitable
  • Specialised for rapid signal conduction
124
Q

Broadly describe epithelial tissue as a category of tissue class

A
  • Cover organs, form glands
  • Protect, secrete and absorb
125
Q

What ratio controls osteoclast differentiation?

A

→ Ratio of RANK ligand to OPG

126
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

→ They lay down bone matrix (organic material that becomes mineralised)

127
Q

What is a protease that osteoclasts secrete?

A

→ Cathepsin K

128
Q

What are lacunae?

A

→ cell sized holes within the bone matrix

129
Q

The outermost sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

130
Q

What is the effector of the Wnt pathway?

A

→ beta catenin

131
Q

What do sclerostin, DDK and SFRP1 inhibit?

A

→ Inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts

132
Q

What does the RANK ligand promote?

A

→ Promotes the differentiation of osteoclasts

133
Q

What is bone mineral?

A

→ Hydroxyapatite → Calcium and Phosphate

134
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium

A
135
Q

What does OPG do?

A

→ Acts as an antagonist → binds to RANK ligand and prevents it from binding to the receptor

136
Q

What do osteoclasts look like?

A

→ They are large and multinucleate

137
Q

What are the 3 phases of bone remodelling?

A

→ Activation : promotion of differentiation of new osteoclasts → Resorption : duration of osteoclast activity → Reversal : osteoclast apoptosis, terminating activity

138
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

→ Terminally differentiated osteoblasts

139
Q

What are the repeating units of cortical bone?

A

→ Osteons

140
Q

What is delayed skeletal growth in men linked to?

A

→ Aromatase deficiency

141
Q

What is the function of the lacunocanalicular system?

A

→ Maintains communication between the bone surface and blood vessels

142
Q

What are the repeating units of cortical bone?

A

→ Osteons

143
Q

What is a rare bone disease?

A

→ Osteomalacia

144
Q

A type of contraction that involves no change in muscle length

A

Isometric

145
Q

How does bone remodelling occur?

A

→ The leading edge is where cells differentiate into osteoclasts → Behind that the new osteoblasts differentiate into new bone → As the osteoblasts lay down the new bone some of them will stay in it where they are encased in lacunae

146
Q

In what gender is osteoporosis more common in?

A

→ Women

147
Q

What is the composition of bone in %s?

A

→ Protein : organic osteoid matrix 25% → Mineral : 75% → Cells

148
Q

What is the role of estrogen in bone remodelling?

A

→inhibits osteocyte apoptosis → Promotes osteoclast apoptosis → essential for skeletal health

149
Q

A type of contraction that results in shortening of a muscle

A

Concentric

150
Q
A
151
Q

What are the 3 factors that control bone remodelling?

A

→ Load bearing exercise → Cytokines and local signals → Endocrine

152
Q

The delicate membrane surrounding each striated muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

153
Q

Broadly describe connective tissue as a category of tissue class

A

•Support, bind and protect organs

154
Q

What is the Wnt pathway regulated by?

A

→ DKK and Sclerostin

155
Q

Why is osteoporosis more common in women?

A

→ dramatic loss of estrogen due to menopause

156
Q

Describe the basic function of ‘blast’ cells and give an example

A

“Blast” cells

  • Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers
  • Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
  • Chondroblasts in cartilage
  • Osteoblasts in bone

(Physio) Health Sciences (10 decks)

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