Neurology Flashcards
Tay Sachs disease most linked to who
Jewish
Normal bladder volume equation
(Age + 2) x 30
Athetosis is
Involuntary writhing
Mortality of epileptic vs normal population
2-3 x higher
SUDEP accounts for what percentage of all epilepsy related deaths
17%
Ohtahara EEG pattern
Burst suppression
Infantile spasm EEG
Hypsarhythmia with burst suppression events
Childhood absence EEG
High amplitude generalised 3Hz spike and slow wave activity
(Childhood 3-10 y, 8+ juvenile)
Valproate/ethosuximide
Benign focal epilepsy presentation and EEG and treatment (benign rolandic)
Centro-temporal spike and wave
[or occipital spike and wave in benign occipital or papayiotopoulos with eye deviation pallor vomit 20min when wake from sleep]
Nocturnal partial seizure face/tongue/speech
Epilepsy remits by mid teen
Carbamazepine (lamotrigine, levetiracetam, valproate)
CSWS EEG
Continuous spike and wave in slow wave sleep
LKS EEG
Continuous temporal spike and wave
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy presentation and EEG and treatment
Myoclonic jerks after waking
Brief burst 4-6Hz and burst polyspike
Valproic acid (lamotrigine, levetiracetam)
Lifelong epilepsy
Infantile spasm treatment
ACTH prednisolone
Vigabactrin (TS)
Ketogenic diet
Dravet syndrome Tx
Valproate clobazam
Ketogenic diet
(Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy 1-4y with developmental arrest and slow EEG)
Lennox gastaut tx
Valproate and clobazam
(Rufinamide, felbamate, ketogenic diet)
(2-8y) multiple sz type, drop attacks, EEG slow
Landau -kleffner syndrome
Acquired epileptic aphasia, regression in language, 2-8y, behaviour, EEG continuous status of sleep, difficult to treat
Tics
4-24% more male and median onset 6-7 and most resolve by 18
Can manage with clonidine
Incidence of TS
1/5800
Genetics of TS
Dominant, 75% new, TSC1 hamartin 20%, TSC2 tuberin (60%)
Clinical features of TS
Hypomelantic lesions (present at birth) 90% Facial angiofinromas 75% 2-5y Unbalanced finroma Shagreen patch Dental enamel pits Intraoral finromas Retinal hamartoma Achromic retinal patch Cortical dysphasia and supepemdymal nodules and SEGA
Surveillance in TS
MRI 1-3 y for renal angiomyolipomas, SEGA monitor, clinical screen LAM, annual eye check, check BP, echo 1-3 y
Treat with mTOR inhibitor
Bony (sphenoid) dysphasia or bowing long bone criteria for..
NF 1
Triad sturge-weber
Sporadic, 1/50000 (Venous angioplasty of leptomeninges present by 1y) Portwine Ipsolateral leptomeningeal angioma (sz) Glaucoma 30-70%
Incontentia pigmenti genetics
XLD Xq28 1/100000 Mutation in nuclear factor kappa B signaling path 80% deletion NEMO exons 4-10
Hypotonia with weakness
Neuromuscular disease
Hypotonia without weakness
CNS
Chromosomal
Syndromes
Metabolic
Myopathic facies
Flat face no expression
SMA genetics
Lack of Survival of Motor Neuron (smn) due to smn1 deletion .–> widespread splicing defects
Amount of smn protein depicts severity
SMA types
0: birth onset (by 6m), tongue fasiculations, alert face, areflexic, breath and feed issues, die by 2y
1: 60-70%, never sit
2: never walk
3: walk (survive into mid adulthood)
Homozygous exon 7 deletion
Zellweger syndrome
Newborns with Zellweger syndrome present with a characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism. Neurologic abnormalities include hypotonia and weakness with absent reflexes, severe impairment of hearing and vision, neonatal seizures, and developmental delay. Hepatomegaly is common.
Dystrophy vs myopathy
Dystrophy high CK cf minimal in myopathy
Dystrophy often abnormal extra cellular protein cf intracellullar in myopathy
Incidence DMD and Becker
dMD 1/3000 and Becker 1/30000
Occ affects females with turners or skewed x lyonisation
Myotonic dystrophy genetics
AD variable penetrated and expression with anticipation (19q13)
Christmas light cataracts, testicular atrophy, hypothyroidism, arrhythmia, striated muscle weakness
Congenital myopathies
Weak, myopathic facies, bulbar dysfunction, cognition normal
Congenital fibretype disproportion Nemaline rod Central core Centronuclear Minimulticore Other
Neuropathy clinical presentation I.e CMT1 (palpable nerves with onion bulbs)
Progressive deformity feet Pain on walking Progressive distal weakness and muscle wasting Gait disturbance Difficulty walking in dark