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System : PT Revision > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

A

Receives signals from the periphery, processes signals in the CNS, coordinates reactions, activates muscles.

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2
Q

What are the two functional classifications of the nervous system?

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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3
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier composed of?

A

Tight junction linked epithelial cells in blood vessels and astrocyte processes.

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4
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Via electrical signals mediated through ion movement across the membrane.

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5
Q

What generates action potentials in neurons?

A

The opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

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6
Q

What is the difference between saltatory conduction and continuous conduction?

A
  • Saltatory conduction: occurs in myelinated axons, faster
  • Continuous conduction: occurs in unmyelinated axons
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7
Q

What are the units used to measure electrical properties in neurons?

A
  • Amperes: movement of charge
  • Voltage: work to move charge
  • Ohms: resistance
  • Siemens: conductance
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8
Q

What components make up a synapse?

A
  • Presynaptic terminal
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Postsynaptic terminal
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9
Q

What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?

A

Supporting cells with various forms and functions.

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10
Q

What types of glial cells are involved in myelination?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  • Schwann cells (PNS)
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11
Q

What is the primary function of astrocytes?

A

Maintain ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis in the extracellular space.

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12
Q

What are the main types of neurons based on structure?

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
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13
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The pathway followed by signals from a sensory receptor to a motor neuron and back to a muscle.

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14
Q

What are proprioceptive reflexes?

A

Monosynaptic reflexes present in muscle and tendon.

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15
Q

What distinguishes gray matter from white matter in the brain?

A
  • Gray matter: cell bodies
  • White matter: axons
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16
Q

What are the five developmental divisions of the brain?

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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17
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

A

Higher cognitive functions and primary motor cortex.

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18
Q

What does the limbic system control?

A

Emotion and memory, behaviors needed for survival.

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19
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis and autonomic control, interacting with the limbic system.

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20
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Filter and sort input to the cortex.

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21
Q

What are the ascending and descending pathways in the nervous system?

A
  • Ascending pathways: transmit sensory information to the brain
  • Descending pathways: carry motor signals from the brain
22
Q

What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture?

A

To puncture the dura to obtain CSF or for lumbar anesthesia.

23
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve.

24
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the first area of the brain to develop.

25
True or False: All axons in the nervous system are myelinated.
False
26
What type of reflex is an exteroceptive reflex?
Polysynaptic reflex that responds to pain signals.
27
What are the roles of the basal nuclei?
Regulate amplitude and force of movement, inhibit or stimulate the thalamus.
28
What type of nerves enter through the dorsal root?
Afférent nerves ## Footnote Afférent nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system.
29
What are the two types of sensory nerves and their functions?
Somatosensory and Autonomic sensory ## Footnote Somatosensory nerves are related to skin, muscles, and joints, while autonomic sensory nerves are related to vessels and organs.
30
What type of nerves leave through the ventral root?
Efferent nerves ## Footnote Efferent nerves transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
31
Define dermatome.
All the skin innervated by a single nerve ## Footnote Dermatomes are important for understanding sensory nerve distribution.
32
Define myotome.
All the muscle innervated by a single nerve ## Footnote Myotomes are crucial for mapping muscle control and function.
33
What is a plexus in the context of nerves?
Fusion of all nerve fibers going to a specific part of the body ## Footnote Plexuses are essential for the distribution of motor and sensory nerves.
34
What are proprioceptors?
Receptors that provide information on body position ## Footnote Proprioceptors play a key role in balance and movement coordination.
35
What type of receptors are primarily involved in proprioception?
Mechanoreceptors ## Footnote Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical changes in the body, aiding in proprioception.
36
What are the main types of proprioceptors found in the joints?
Ruffini, Pacinian, Mazzini, Golgi endings ## Footnote These receptors respond to different types of mechanical stress and tension.
37
What stimulates muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?
Muscle length, velocity change, and active muscle tension ## Footnote These receptors help regulate muscle contraction and coordination.
38
What is the role of the cerebellum in proprioception?
Analyzes planned movement versus actual movement ## Footnote The cerebellum helps correct errors in body position through reflex actions.
39
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections ## Footnote Neuroplasticity is vital for learning and recovery from injuries.
40
During which years is neuroplasticity greatest?
2nd to 5th year of life ## Footnote This period is crucial for sensory and motor integration development.
41
What is the main organ for sound transduction in the vestibular system?
Cochlea ## Footnote The cochlea converts sound vibrations into neural signals for the brain.
42
What does the vestibular system detect?
Change in speed and orientation ## Footnote The vestibular system is essential for balance and spatial awareness.
43
What are the components of the vestibular labyrinth?
Semicircular canals, utricle, saccule ## Footnote These structures detect rotational and linear acceleration.
44
What is the role of the hypothalamus in stress response?
Regulates the release of hormones involved in stress ## Footnote The hypothalamus integrates signals to initiate the stress response.
45
What is the fast response system in stress physiology?
Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis ## Footnote The SAM axis mediates immediate responses to stress through catecholamine release.
46
What is the chronic stress response associated with?
Heart disease, stomach ulcer, sleep dysregulation, psychiatric disorders ## Footnote Chronic stress can have severe physiological and psychological impacts.
47
What is referred pain?
Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus ## Footnote Referred pain occurs due to overlapping nerve pathways.
48
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for the initial fear response to threats.
Amygdala ## Footnote The amygdala activates the stress response when it perceives danger.
49
What is the general adaptation syndrome?
The body's response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion ## Footnote This model describes how the body reacts to prolonged stress.
50
What happens in the exhaustion stage of stress response?
Burnout, fatigue, depression, anxiety ## Footnote The body becomes unable to cope with ongoing stressors.
51
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex during stress?
Determines which action to take during stress ## Footnote The prefrontal cortex helps analyze threats and choose appropriate responses.

System : PT Revision (7 decks)

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