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Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of septic meningitis?

A

Streptococcus

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2
Q

An 85yrs old patient underwent splenectomy after which he develops meningitis, organism?

A

Streptococcus

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3
Q

A lady with mild sore throat infection died. Autopsy shows B/L adrenal gland enlargement and cortical haemorrhages, organism involved?

A

N.Meningitis

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4
Q

Colour of CSF in TB meningitis?

A

Opalescent

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5
Q

A cat is decerebrated at mid-collicular level, what happens?

A

Exaggerated stretch and tendon jerk reflex

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6
Q

GTOs detect tension in?

A

Agonists

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7
Q

Tendon is struck with a hammer, what is excited?

A

Nuclear bag at the end of muscle spindle

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8
Q

In patellar reflex what receptors are involved?

A

Muscle spindle

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9
Q

Response to CNS about muscle stretch to detect changes in?

A

Muscle spindle

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10
Q

Muscle shortening in response to stretch is?

A

Predominantly flexors

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11
Q

Both alpha and gamma motor neuron in the descending pathway are excited during?

A

Voluntary muscle contraction

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12
Q

Stretch muscle will cause contraction of?

A

Muscle which is stretched

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13
Q

After RTA Pt presents with spinal cord injury, findings will be?

A

spastic paralysis

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14
Q

During tracheostomy, increased bleeding is due to injury of?

A

Anterior jugular vein

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15
Q

Infection of the deep investing layer and pretracheal layer will spread to?

A

Anterior mediastinum

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16
Q

Brain stem not functioning, which function is still spared?

A

Withdrawl reflex

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16
Q

Which reflex is the polysynaptic reflex arc?

A

Cremasteric reflex

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17
Q

In reflex arc, which part of the brain is involved?

A

Cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Which artery passes in the floor of sub-occipital triangle?

A

Vertebral artery

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Submandibular gland lies between?

A

Anterior belly of digastric and mandible

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21
Q

Structure which separates the superficial and deep part of submandibular gland?

A

mylohyoid

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22
Q

Person can’t shrug his shoulder and has ptosis, meiosis, nerve involved?

A

accessory nerve and sympathetic chain

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23
Q

In TMJ, dislocation which structure prevents the joint to go back into the cavity?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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24
Q

Excessive yawning, which muscle?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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25
Q

Proprioception’s of TMJ, muscle of mastication’s and teeth, hard palate and periodontium are perceived by?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

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26
Q

Pt with pain while chewing. Muscle tender on palpation. muscle involved?

A

Masseter

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27
Q

Parotid swelling pain is through?

A

compression of auriculotemporal nerve

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28
Q

The superficial temporal artery is accompanied by which nerve?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

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29
Q

Trauma to mandible, lower teeth and chin sensation are lost. nerve compromised?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve

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30
Q

Pituitary adenoma invades which bone?

A

Sphenoid bone

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31
Q

A pt. feel swelling in the supraclavicular fossa whenever he coughs. He gives hx. that he was shot in the neck some years back, lesion is in?

A

Suprapleural membrane

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32
Q

Where does the trigeminal ganglion located in?

A

lies in the petrous part of temporal bone in middle cranial fossa

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33
Q

Spinal cord at L4 level, what structure will be absent?

A

Lateral horn

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34
Q

Spinal anaesthesia is given below?

A

below L2

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35
Q

Lower limit of subarachnoid space extension into?

A

coccygeal ligament

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36
Q

Anterior and posterior roots of spinal cord from L1-L5=?

A

Cauda equina

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37
Q

Weakness on right and diplopia on seeing left lesion is in?

A

Midbrain

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38
Q

Visual issue. infarct present in blood vessel of visual centre, which artery?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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39
Q

PICA blockage, part of brain affected?

A

Dorsolateral part of medulla

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40
Q

Function of preoptic area of hypothalamus?

A

cooling of body

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41
Q

Heat conservation is carried out by?

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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42
Q

Body temperature compared with temperature control set point, which area is involved?

A

Anterior hypothalamus

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43
Q

A boy standing in hot sunny day heat loss is by?

A

Cutaneous hyperemia

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44
Q

Pituitary hormone which is an opioid peptide?

A

B-endorphin

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45
Q

Which hormone exhibits relation between weight and puberty?

A

Leptin

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46
Q

What is the commonest site for pyogenic brain abscess?

A

frontal lobe

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47
Q

What is the commonest site for pyogenic brain abscess?

A

Nucleus basalis pf meynert

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48
Q

Perception of disgust by which area?

A

Left insular cortex

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49
Q

Lesion in the parieto-occipito-temporal lobe causes?

A

prosopagnosia

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50
Q

Facial recognition in daily life is done by which of the following parts?

A

fusiform gyrus of temporal lobe

51
Q

Thalamic haemorrhage leads to?

A

hyperesthesia

52
Q

Pt develops sensory loss over left side of body. A few days his behaviour is changed and becomes angry after touching. Lesion is in?

A

Right thalamus

53
Q

Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve is present at? nucleus ambigus lies in?

A

both in medulla

54
Q

Upper medulla section contains what?

A

Nucleus Ambigus

55
Q

most sensitive cells to hypoxia are?

56
Q

When does myelination of nerve fibre in CNS begin in intrauterine life?

A

at 4 mnths

57
Q

Nissl bodies absent in? mainly present in?

A

absent in axon hillock and present in RER

58
Q

Antigen presenting cells of intestine are?

59
Q

Area of brain where flask shaped cell bodies are present with multiple parallel dendrites?

A

Cerebellar cortex

60
Q

Most of the mitochondria in a neuron are found in?

A

Axon endings

61
Q

In spinal ganglia, which neurons are present?

A

pseudounipolar

62
Q

Damage to middle meningeal artery causes hematoma formation between?

A

Dura Calvaria

63
Q

At pterion which branch of middle meningeal artery given?

A

Deep branch of the middle meningeal artery

64
Q

Fracture of anterior inferior of parietal bone with non-blood-stained CSF leads to?

A

Epidural hemorrhage

65
Q

1.Deep coma caused by?
2. prolonged coma? 3. permanent coma?

A
  1. Nucleus cerelous
  2. Periaqueductal gray matter (middle lobe)
  3. Thalamus
66
Q

Patient falls while the eyes are closed, cause?

A

Dorsal column lesion

67
Q

Regarding posterior gray column tract one extends?

A

until the whole length of spinal cord

68
Q

Synapses are absent in?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

69
Q

In dorsal column of posterior cord which neurotransmitter is present between dorsal root ganglion and pain inhibitory fibres in spinal cord?

A

Enkaphalin

70
Q

In spinal cord, the fibres from lower limb and upper limb in the posterior column goes in which manner?

A

medial to lateral

71
Q

Medial leminiscus is formed by decussation of?

A

internal arcuate fibers

72
Q

Lesion to medial leminiscus at the level of midbrain will cause loss of?

A

fine touch

73
Q

Damage to dorsal horn of spinal cord at spinal cord level leading to ataxia results in?

A

proprioception not reaching sensory cortex

74
Q

A 26yrs old man with gunshot wound to spine after which he lost sensations to lower limbs, loss of power but increased tone and plantar up going with central clonus lesion at?

A

Both corticospinal and spinothalamic tract

75
Q

Hemi-section with total spinal section is differentiated by?

A

Spinal shock

76
Q

Right lower limb paralysis with loss of pain at T9, loss of vibration at T8 and B/L reflexes are normal, lesion of?

A

Lesion of spinothalamic tract at T8

77
Q

Loss of all sensations bilaterally below the lesion by?

A

Complete cord transaction

78
Q

What is the significant finding of LMNL?

A

Muscle wasting

79
Q

A 65yrs old male develops right sided hemiplegia and slight deviation of mouth to the left while talking. He is able to close his eyes on demand, what other finding there can be?

A

Clasp Knife rigidity

80
Q

Pt complains of paresis of limbs due to UMN injury, site of lesion will be in which tracts?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

81
Q

Increased neural activity before a skilled voluntary movement is first seen in?

A

Cortical association area

82
Q

Final common motor pathway is?

A

Alpha efferent of spinal motor neuron

83
Q

Pt with hemiplegia of left side, motor neuron lesion plus homonymous hemianopia, lesion at?

84
Q

After RTA, pt presents with spinal cord injury, findings will be?

A

spastic paralysis

85
Q

Analysis of the clasp knife reflex suggests that the reflex is most likely a?

A

flexion reflex induced by stimulation of nociceptors

86
Q

Lesion in the pyramidal tract will lead to loss of which function?

87
Q

What type of motor fibres are given by the pyramidal tract?

A

alpha and gamma

88
Q

Which tract contains the descending corticospinal tract fibres derived from ipsilateral cerebral cortex?

A

pyramidal tract

89
Q

Babniski sign positive, is observed in a neuronal lesion involving?

A

medullary pyramids

90
Q

Post ganglionic fibres are present in?

A

all spinal nerves

91
Q

Regarding fibres of adrenal medulla preganglionic reaches through which nerve?

A

Splanchnic nerves

92
Q

Sympathetic cholinergic stimulation causes?

A

Vasodilation in skeletal muscles

93
Q

Increase secretion by salivary glands is by? and by what it will act on blood vessels?

A

Parasympathetic and acts on blood vessels by VIP

94
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves are?

A

Parasympathetic

95
Q

NMJ of cardiac muscles supplied by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are?

A

Postganglionic

96
Q

Each spinal nerve has?

A

Sympathetic

97
Q

Ejaculation in males in through which nerve?

A

Pudendal nerve

98
Q

Morphine side effect?

A

meiosis + bradycardia

99
Q

Fibers of pain and warmth?

100
Q

What is a sensory non-adapting receptor?

101
Q

A lady cut her radial artery accidentally by which mechanism will reduce pressure in vessel and stop bleeding?

102
Q

neurotransmitter in outflow of basal ganglia?

103
Q

A chemical neurotransmitter that causes initiation of labour and cervical ripening?

A

Nitric Oxide

104
Q

Which receptor detects steady pressure?

A

Ruffini corpuscle

105
Q

Which receptor is abundant on the tip of finger?

A

Meissner corpuscle

106
Q

Loss of two point discrimination after RTA, lesion in?

A

Lateral inhibition

107
Q

Mechano-receptors of warm have?

A

long receptive field

108
Q

Uncapsulated nerve fibres for touch are?

A

Merkel disc

109
Q

Stimulus for high threshold mechanoreceptors is received by?

110
Q

Stimulus for low threshold mechanoreceptors is received by?

A

Lamina III and IV

111
Q

Neck of bladder and urethra sympathetic nerve supply from root?

112
Q

Lower respiratory bronchioles sympathetic nerve supply from root?

113
Q

Which of the following lies in the margin of the tentorium cerebelli, running from the posterior end of cavernous sinus to the transverse sinus?

A

Superior petrosal sinus

114
Q

During surgery of the mastoid antrum, surgeon notes profuse bleeding from the posterior wall of mastoid antrum, source of bleeding is?

A

Sigmoid sinus

115
Q

Thyrohyoid muscle nerve supply is by?

A

C1 through hypoglossal nerve

116
Q

A pt with nausea, vomiting and vertigo. this is associated with?

A

Dorsal nucleus of vagus with vestibular nerve

117
Q

If superior colliculus is compressed. it will affect eye muscles and cause?

A

Contralateral saccades

118
Q

What is CSF normal pressure in cm of water? in mmHg?

A

10-20cm of water
7-15mmHg

119
Q

What lies posterior to cerebral aqueduct in midbrain?

A

Colliculus

120
Q

Ascending reticular formation is located in?

A

floor of aqueduct of sylvius

121
Q

Spinal cord is suspended in dura by?

A

Dentate ligament

122
Q

Epidural space extension is from?

A

from foramen magnum to S2

123
Q

Site of epidural anaesthesia for patient undergoing vaginal hysterectomy is?

A

Sacral hiatus

124
Q

Semi-circular canals in cortex of ear are maximally stimulated while doing?

125
Q

Low voltage/ frequency beta waves are seen when?

A

during active mentation/thinking

126
Q

Main artery of subclavian which takes part in shoulder joint anastomosis?

A

thyrocervical

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