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Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the above is activated in the lungs?

A

Angiotensin II

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2
Q

In hemorrhage pt, aldosterone level is increased by?

A

Angiotensin II

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3
Q

What leads to smooth muscles contraction through inositol triphosphate mechanism?

A

Angiotensin II

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4
Q
  1. Aldosterone acts on what part of kidneys?
  2. ADH acts on what part of kidneys?
A
  1. CCT>DCT>CD
  2. CD>DCT>CCT
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5
Q

Hyponatremia is caused by?

A

increase body water

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6
Q

Increase renal sodium in hyperaldosteronism due to?

A

decrease capacity of renal tubules to absorb Na

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7
Q

In denervation of kidney, what occurs?

A

increase renal blood flow

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8
Q

Mole for mole Na absorption is greatest by what?

A

Aldosterone

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9
Q

A pt admitted in endocrinology ward has the following labs. Potassium 3, Na 150 and pH 7.45. He is having excess of?

A

Aldosterone

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10
Q

A person who is fasting does not take water for many hours, excretes concentrated urine due to secretion of increased amount of?

A

ADH

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11
Q

What acts on nuclear receptor?

A

Aldosterone

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12
Q

30yrs old pt presented with headache BP 170/110, high aldosterone, left renin level is high and right renin level is normal, diagnosis?

A

Left renal artery stenosis

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13
Q

What is the likely cause of secondary aldosteronism in chronic alcoholics?

A

Increase renin

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14
Q

The most potent stimulus for secretion of renin from kidney is?

A

decrease NaCl tubular load

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15
Q

Renin secretion is increased by decrease stretch in?

A

right atrial mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

In athletes increased sodium absorption in DCT is due to?

A

RAAS

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17
Q

Creatinine is used for clinical measurement of GFR over urea because?

A

not reabsorbed by blood

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18
Q

Most important change in kidney to preserve blood volume is?

A

increase renin secretion

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19
Q

A person had 1.5L haemorrhage and has decrease GFR and urine output. Which of the following will help more in returning the GFR to normal?

A

DCT

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20
Q

If a substance is found in renal artery but not in renal vein?

A

clearance equals to GFR

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21
Q

Product of GFR and plasma conc. of substance is?

A

filtration load

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22
Q

Autoregulation of GFR is achieved through changes in?

A

glomerular afferent arteriolar resistence

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23
Q

A young pt with GFR less than 50% and decreased urine output. The doctor should be concerned of the increase of?

A

potassium

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24
Q

Sympathetic stimulation affect on blood flow and GFR?

A

dec. blood flow and GFR

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25
Q

Capillary pressure in renal glomeruli increases as?

A

cardiac output increases

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26
Q

Old woman with multiple fractures, hypertensive and is on dialysis reason is?

A

deficiency of vitamin D

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27
Q

60yrs old on off fever, lethargy, dyspnea on exertion. Hb 7.8, urea 140, creatinine 3, cause?

A

erythropoeitin deficiency

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28
Q

Which buffer acts in DKA?

A

HCO3-

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29
Q

Hb acts as a buffer because?

A

it accepts H+

30
Q

Oxygen buffer function?

A

negative feedback

31
Q

Oxygen buffering system mechanism?

A

chemoreceptors

32
Q

ADPKD is associated with what type of haemorrhage?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

33
Q

What remains normal in chronic respiratory acidosis?

A

H+ concentration

34
Q

ABGs of a pt are pH 6.73, HCO3 10, PCO2 66, diagnosis?

A

mixed acidosis

35
Q

A pt with severe vomiting and diarrhoea for 1 day presented with tachypnea and respiratory rate 22, hypotension. Labs showed hypercholermia, hyponatremia and hypokalaemia, diagnosis?

A

metabolic acidosis

36
Q

A resident living at 12000 feet height altitude complains of illness, diagnosis?

A

respiratory alkalosis

37
Q

A person breathing into a paper bag. What will cause hyperventilation?

A

increase arterial CO2

38
Q
  1. Metabolic acidosis regulation of kidneys is by?
  2. In metabolic acidosis, how is renal compensation done?
A
  1. H+ loss
  2. increase glutamine secretion
39
Q

Renal correction of acute hyperkalemia will result in?

40
Q

Volatile acid compensation =?

A

bicarbonate system of kidney

41
Q

A pt after taking an analgesic overdose experienced hyperventilation, tachycardia and metabolic acidosis, the most likely drug is?

A

Acetyl salicyclic

42
Q

Microvilli present in what part of nephron?

43
Q

Woman, haemorrhage, which part of nephron affected?

44
Q

In a dehydrated pt, diluted fluid is found in which segment?

45
Q

In dehydration, concentration if which of these is decreased?

A

Pure water

46
Q

H+ secretion from PCT in exchange of?

47
Q

Flattened cells present where in nephron?

A

thin loop of henle

48
Q

Segment impermeable to water in nephron is?

A

Thick ascending loop of henle

49
Q

Tubular fluid has a low pH than PCT due to?

A

more H+ secreted in DCT

50
Q

Alport syndrome - abnormality is in?

A

Collagen type IV

51
Q

A pt with hemoptysis, hematuria and glomerulonephritis, diagnosis?

A

Goodpasture syndrome

52
Q

In certain pathologies, crescents in glomeruli are formed by?

A

Parietal cells

53
Q

Diagnosis of amyloidosis is made by?

A

Rectal biopsy

54
Q

Albumin, RBC cast and cells in urine, possible site of damage?

A

Glomerulus

55
Q

ECF is different to ICF in what type of ions?

A

Inorganic Anions

56
Q

Difference between ICF and ECF in term of pH is?

A

decrease pH of intracellular fluid

57
Q

Tears composition differ from plasma in?

A

tear have more amino acids

58
Q

The most prominent deficiency in lacrimal secretion when compared to plasma is?

59
Q

Primary dehydration change in ECF is?

A

hypertonc ECF

60
Q

By increasing the specific gravity of urine which kidney function is being assessed?

A

Urine concentration

61
Q

What is almost equal to plasma osmolality?

A

Normal saline solution

62
Q

A 50yrs off diabetic pt presented to ER with DKA since he missed his insulin dose. Labs showed raised blood glucose, raised K+ and deranged RFTs, likely approach in management?

A

insulin with saline

63
Q

In pure water depletion, the fluid to be administered intravenously is?

A

5% dextrose

64
Q

Hypovolemia due to blood loss. to replace the fluid of intravascular compartment fluid given should be?

A

Normal saline

65
Q

Fluid of choice in paradoxical aciduria?

A

Darrow solution

66
Q

3rd space fluid loss, fluid of choice?

A

Ringer lactate

67
Q

Total water depletion replaced by?

A

Hypotonic solution

68
Q

A person loses 2L of sweat while working and he drinks 2L of pure water. What change will occur in body?

A

Increase ICF volume>decrease ICF osmolarity>increase ECF volume

69
Q

RBC swell up when placed in?

A

250mmol urea

70
Q

An RBC is kept in hypertonic solution to which urea is added, what will be the effect on RBC? list all possible answers

A

swell, shrink and lyse

71
Q

What is more in dialysing fluid as compared to plasma?

A

Bicarbonate and glucose

FCPS (7 decks)

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