Neurology

Question 1

cWhat are the different cortexes?

Answer 1

Archicortex - oldest part
Paleocortex - olfactory function
Neocortex - accounts of 90% of cortex

Question 2

Treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

Answer 2

Sodium valproate - the majority of children will need to take medication lifelong

Question 3

Immune cells of the CNS?

Answer 3

Microglia

Question 4

Cells responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths?

Answer 4

Oligodendrocytes

Question 5

What are the two main types of astrocyte?

Answer 5

Protoplasmic
Fibrous

Question 6

Cells involved in CSF circulation and fluid homeostasis?

Answer 6

Ependymal cells

Question 7

Cells involved in contributing to the blood brain barrier, neurotransmission and repair of nervous tissue?

Answer 7

Astrocytes

Question 8

What are the biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

Answer 8

Histamine
Seratonin
Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine)

Question 9

Define the features of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 9

“Fight or flight”

Uterine contraction
Bronchial dilatation
Pupils dilate
Peristalsis stops
Gycogen is converted to glucose
Adrenaline released
Pilo-erection

Question 10

Define the features of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 10

“Rest and digest” or “feed and breed”

Sexual arousal
Stimulation of bladder detrusor muscles
Uterine vasodilatation
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion & defecation
Pupils constrict
Activation of peristalsis

Question 11

What is Sandifer Syndrome?

Answer 11

Condition that involves paroxysmal spasmodic torsional dystonia with arching of the back and rigid opisthotonic posturing. It is association with gastro-oesophageal reflux, and, in some cases, hiatus hernia

Question 12

Chorioretinal lacunar defects and morning glory anomaly =

Answer 12

Aicardi Syndrome

Question 13

Which cranial venous sinus is unpaired?

Answer 13

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 14

What are the features of Brown-Sequard syndrome?

Answer 14

Ipsilateral weakness below lesion, loss of proprioception and vibration sensation
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

Question 15

Cells responsible for phagocytosis in the CNS?

Answer 15

Microglia

Question 16

Cells responsible for CSF production in the CNS?

Answer 16

Epenymal cells in the choroid plexus

Question 17

What is a ketogenic diet?

Answer 17

High fat, low carbohydrate

Question 18

Which conditions are associated with benign intracranial hypertension?

Answer 18

Obesity
ALL
Polycythaemia
Lyme disease

Question 19

Broca’s area

Answer 19

Comprehension is unimpaired - ability to speak is impaired

Question 20

Wernickes area

Answer 20

Comprehnsion is impaired

Question 21

HSV encephalitis typically affects which area of the brain?

Answer 21

Temporal lobes

Question 22

EEG shows Centro-temporal spikes?

Answer 22

Benign rolandic epilepsy

Question 23

Lesions of the frontal lobe cause?

Answer 23

Contralateral hemiplegia
Broca’s area (dominant)
Impaired problem solving
Disinhibition
Lack of intitative

Question 24

Lesions of the temporal lobe cause?

Answer 24

Wernicke’s aphasia (dominant)
Homonymous upper quadrantanopia
Auditory agnosia (non-dominant)

Question 25

Lesions of the parietal lobe cause?

Answer 25

Non-dominant - Anosognosia, dressing apraxia, spatial neglect, constructional apraxia Dominant - Gerstmann's syndrome

Question 26

Lesions of the occipital lobe cause?

Answer 26

Visual agnosia, visual illusions, contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Question 27

Mneumonic for cranial nerves?

Answer 27

Oh - Olfactory Oh - Optic Oh - Opthalmic To - Trochlear Touch - Trigeminal And - Abducens Feel - Facial Very - Vestibulocochlear Good - Glossopharyngeal Velvet - Vestibulococohlear Ah - Accessory Ha - Hypoglossal

Question 28

Mneumonic for function of cranial nerves?

Answer 28

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter Most

Question 29

Gag reflex nerve?

Answer 29

Vagus nerve

Question 30

Accomodation reflex nerve and pupillary light reflex?

Answer 30

Occulomotor nerve

Question 31

Corneal reflex nerve?

Answer 31

Facial nerve

Question 32

Orbital blow out fracture affects which muscle?

Answer 32

Inferior rectus muscle

Question 33

Which cranial nerve is often most affected in raised ICP?

Answer 33

Abducens nerve

Question 34

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres?

Answer 34

1973 - I, III, VII, IX

Question 35

Causes of mitosis (small pupil)?

Answer 35

Iritis Corneal ulcer Uveitis Horners syndrome Intracranial haemorrhage Argyll-Robertson pupil (syphilis)

Question 36

Optic glioma = ??

Answer 36

Marcus gunn pupil

Question 37

What does confrontation testing test?

Answer 37

Visual fields

Question 38

Hirschburg test looks for?

Answer 38

Occular malalignment

Question 39

The roof of the oral cavity is formed of?

Answer 39

The maxilla bone and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone

Question 40

What do the spinothalamic tracts carry?

Answer 40

Pain and temperature control

Question 41

What do the dorsal columns control?

Answer 41

Fine touch, proprioception and vibration sensation

Question 42

Where do the spinothalamic tracts decussate?

Answer 42

Thalamus

Question 43

Where do the dorsal columns decussate?

Answer 43

Medulla

Question 44

What are the properties of substances that easily cross the blood brain barrier?

Answer 44

Lipophilic Small, non-polar molecules Able to bind to transport receptors

Question 45

Which practical measures can be taken to reduce ICP?

Answer 45

Hyperventilation (therefore low CO2) 45 degree positioning of bed