Neurology Flashcards
cWhat are the different cortexes?
Archicortex - oldest part
Paleocortex - olfactory function
Neocortex - accounts of 90% of cortex
Treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?
Sodium valproate - the majority of children will need to take medication lifelong
Immune cells of the CNS?
Microglia
Cells responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths?
Oligodendrocytes
What are the two main types of astrocyte?
Protoplasmic
Fibrous
Cells involved in CSF circulation and fluid homeostasis?
Ependymal cells
Cells involved in contributing to the blood brain barrier, neurotransmission and repair of nervous tissue?
Astrocytes
What are the biogenic amine neurotransmitters?
Histamine
Seratonin
Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine)
Define the features of the sympathetic nervous system?
“Fight or flight”
Uterine contraction
Bronchial dilatation
Pupils dilate
Peristalsis stops
Gycogen is converted to glucose
Adrenaline released
Pilo-erection
Define the features of the parasympathetic nervous system?
“Rest and digest” or “feed and breed”
Sexual arousal
Stimulation of bladder detrusor muscles
Uterine vasodilatation
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion & defecation
Pupils constrict
Activation of peristalsis
What is Sandifer Syndrome?
Condition that involves paroxysmal spasmodic torsional dystonia with arching of the back and rigid opisthotonic posturing. It is association with gastro-oesophageal reflux, and, in some cases, hiatus hernia
Chorioretinal lacunar defects and morning glory anomaly =
Aicardi Syndrome
Which cranial venous sinus is unpaired?
Superior sagittal sinus
What are the features of Brown-Sequard syndrome?
Ipsilateral weakness below lesion, loss of proprioception and vibration sensation
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
Cells responsible for phagocytosis in the CNS?
Microglia
Cells responsible for CSF production in the CNS?
Epenymal cells in the choroid plexus
What is a ketogenic diet?
High fat, low carbohydrate
Which conditions are associated with benign intracranial hypertension?
Obesity
ALL
Polycythaemia
Lyme disease
Broca’s area
Comprehension is unimpaired - ability to speak is impaired
Wernickes area
Comprehnsion is impaired
HSV encephalitis typically affects which area of the brain?
Temporal lobes
EEG shows Centro-temporal spikes?
Benign rolandic epilepsy
Lesions of the frontal lobe cause?
Contralateral hemiplegia
Broca’s area (dominant)
Impaired problem solving
Disinhibition
Lack of intitative
Lesions of the temporal lobe cause?
Wernicke’s aphasia (dominant)
Homonymous upper quadrantanopia
Auditory agnosia (non-dominant)
Lesions of the parietal lobe cause?
Non-dominant - Anosognosia, dressing apraxia, spatial neglect, constructional apraxia
Dominant - Gerstmann’s syndrome
Lesions of the occipital lobe cause?
Visual agnosia, visual illusions, contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Mneumonic for cranial nerves?
Oh - Olfactory
Oh - Optic
Oh - Opthalmic
To - Trochlear
Touch - Trigeminal
And - Abducens
Feel - Facial
Very - Vestibulocochlear
Good - Glossopharyngeal
Velvet - Vestibulococohlear
Ah - Accessory
Ha - Hypoglossal
Mneumonic for function of cranial nerves?
Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter Most
Gag reflex nerve?
Vagus nerve
Accomodation reflex nerve and pupillary light reflex?
Occulomotor nerve
Corneal reflex nerve?
Facial nerve
Orbital blow out fracture affects which muscle?
Inferior rectus muscle
Which cranial nerve is often most affected in raised ICP?
Abducens nerve
Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres?
1973 - I, III, VII, IX
Causes of mitosis (small pupil)?
Iritis
Corneal ulcer
Uveitis
Horners syndrome
Intracranial haemorrhage
Argyll-Robertson pupil (syphilis)
Optic glioma = ??
Marcus gunn pupil
What does confrontation testing test?
Visual fields
Hirschburg test looks for?
Occular malalignment
The roof of the oral cavity is formed of?
The maxilla bone and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
What do the spinothalamic tracts carry?
Pain and temperature control
What do the dorsal columns control?
Fine touch, proprioception and vibration sensation
Where do the spinothalamic tracts decussate?
Thalamus
Where do the dorsal columns decussate?
Medulla
What are the properties of substances that easily cross the blood brain barrier?
Lipophilic
Small, non-polar molecules
Able to bind to transport receptors
Which practical measures can be taken to reduce ICP?
Hyperventilation (therefore low CO2)
45 degree positioning of bed
