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Pediatrics > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death in children older > 1 year

A

Head trauma

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2
Q

What are the four common reasons for head trauma in children?

A
  1. Falls
  2. Motor vehicle accidents
  3. Bicycle injuries
  4. Abuse
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3
Q

Which age is most susceptible to head trauma due to falls?

A

Toddlers

1-3 years

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4
Q
  1. Which age is most susceptible to head trauma due to abuse?
  2. What are potential signs?
A
  1. Infants
  2. Hematoma and/or fracture

Birth to 1

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5
Q

What two underdevelopment puts children at risk for acceleration-deceleration injury?

A
  1. cervical musculoligamentous*
  2. Skull

immature neck muscles

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6
Q

What two injuries do acceleration-deceleration injury cause?

A
  1. Shearing of blood vessels and nerves
  2. Bruising of brain
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7
Q

What is the most common primary head injury?

A

Concussion

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8
Q

What are the two hallmark symptoms of concussions?

A
  1. Amnesia
  2. Confusion
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9
Q
  1. Which tool is used to perform a quick assessment of concussions?
  2. If quick assessment is positive for concussion what would be next assessment?
A
  1. Pocket Concussion Recognition Tool
  2. Sports Concussion Assessment Tool
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10
Q

Define

Second impact syndrome

A

condition in which a second concussion occurs before a first concussion has properly healed

can cause rapid/severe brain swelling and death

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11
Q

What is the Return to Learn/Play plan?
When is it used?

A

Criterias to engage back in academic/sports settings following a concussion.

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12
Q

Define

Concussion

A

immediate/transient alteration in brain function* resulting from mechanical force or trauma

alteration of mental status and level of consciousness

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13
Q

Define

Contusion

A

Brusing or petechial hemorrhages that occur on the brain

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14
Q

Which can be seen with a CT or MRI scan?

Concussion or Contusion?

A

Contusion

Brusing shows on CT; Bleed shows on MRI

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15
Q

Which primary head injury is considered local? Which is considered broad?

Concussion vs. Contusion

A
  1. Contusion is a local injury
  2. Concussion is broad injury
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16
Q

What does the nurse suspect if a scalp hematoma is present in an infant?

or retinal hemorrhaging

A

Shaken baby syndrome

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17
Q

Which type of hemorrhage/hematoma occurs more commonly with skull fractures?

A

Subdural hemorrhage/hematoma

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18
Q

Which type of hemorrhage/hematoma do you suspect for the following symptom “brief period of unconsciousness; followed by lucid period; followed by rapid progression into unconsciousness”

Lucid = consciousness

A

Epidural hemorrhage/hematoma

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19
Q
  1. Which type of brain hemorrhage/hematoma is more dangerous?
  2. Why?
A
  1. Epidural hemorrhage/hematoma
  2. Rupture of menigeal artery in temporal lobe.

*Bleeding happens quickly due to artery, risk of aneurysm

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20
Q

Shaken baby syndrome can cause which type of hemorrhage/hematoma?

A

Subdural hemorrhage/hematoma

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21
Q

Which type of hemorrhage/hematoma effects veins?

A

Subdural hemorrhage (hematoma)

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22
Q

Which type of hemorrhage (hematoma) effects arteries?

A

Epidural hemorrhage (hematoma)

Remember where does it cause a rupture?

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23
Q

Where does bleeding occur for epidural hemorrhage (hematoma)?

A

Bleeding occurs between dura and skull.

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24
Q

Where does bleeding occur for subdural hemorrhage/hematoma?

A

Bleeding occurs between dura and brain.

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25
Q

Which hemorrhage/hematoma can occur days or even weeks after initial injury?

A

Subdural hemorrhage/hematoma

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26
Q

What are the four reasons to go to the hospital for head trauma?

A
  1. Loss of consciousness for more than a few mins
  2. Seizures
  3. Neurological signs
  4. Vomiting more than 2x.
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27
Q

What are the first three things conducted on a diagnostic evaluation for head trauma?

A
  1. Stablize spine
  2. Circulation, Airway, Breathing (CAB)
  3. Evaluate for shock*

S&S include: HR ↑, BP ↓, perfusion ↓ to extremities, changes in LOC.

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28
Q

What should you tell parents about monitoring a child post-head injury at home?

A
  1. Check consciousness q2h.
  2. Re-examine in 1-2 days by practitioner*

Risk of cerebral edema

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29
Q

Signs and symptoms of what?

  1. Headaches
  2. Visual and balance problems (dizziness)
  3. Nausea
  4. Depression
  5. Difficulty concentrating
  6. Irritability
  7. Changes in sleep patterns
  8. New phobias
  9. Changes in behavior
A

Postconcussion syndrome

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30
Q

What score should the nurse be concerned with on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A

Score < 8

Lower scores correlate w/ severity

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31
Q

What is a sign for neurosurgical emergency with head trauma?

A

Fixed and dilated pupils

Risk of herniation into brain stem

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32
Q

What is Cushing triad?

A

Late signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

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33
Q

What are the three signs of Cushing triad?

A
  1. Bradycardia (HR ↓)
  2. Widened pulse pressure*
  3. Irregular RR and rhythm

*↑ difference b/w systolic and diastolic pressure

34
Q

What are the two tests for extraocular eye movements?

A
  1. Doll’s Head maneuver
  2. Oculovestibular test
35
Q

Which EOM is contraindicated if cerival spine injury is suspected?

A

Doll’s Head maneuver

36
Q

When is the Doll’s Head maneuver contraindicated?

A

If you suspect cervical spine injury

37
Q

What is the expected normal finding in the oculovestibular test?

A

Eye should move to the side of cold water.

38
Q

When is the oculovestibular test contraindicated?

A

Infection of the ear or ruptured tympanic membranes

39
Q
  1. What can a fundoscopic exam diagnose with head trauma?
  2. What can be seen with a fundoscopic exam?
A
  1. Cerebral edema
  2. Papilledema
40
Q

Decorticate posturing (flexion of upper extremities) is associated with injury to which area?

A

Cerebral cortex

Decorticate = Cortex

41
Q

Decerebrate posturing (extension of arms and legs) is associated with injury to which area?

A

Midbrain

sign of worsening neurological function

42
Q

Sun setting eyes in infants is a sign of what?

can see a large amt of sclera w/ iris closer to bottom of eyelid

A

Increased cranial pressure

43
Q

What is usually the first sign of papilledema?

A

venous engorgement

44
Q

What three nursing actions are contraindicated for patients with ICP?

A
  1. DEEP Suctioning and percussions
  2. Rectal temps
  3. Turning patient side to side (avoid neck compression)

*Risk of jugular compression

45
Q

What is a positive finding of cerebral spinal fluid on test strips when assessing nose drainage?

A

glucose

46
Q

Which medication would be indicated for cerebral edema?

A

Osmotic diuretic (Mannitol)

draws fluid from intracellular to extracellular fluid; remove thru urine

47
Q

What medication is indicated for swelling that may occur from head injury?

A

Corticosteroid
(Dexamethasone)

48
Q

What is the manifestation of seizure determined by?

A

site of origin

49
Q

What increases the risk for febrile seizures?

A

Family history of febrile seizures

50
Q
  • Which type of seizure is anticonvulsant (antiepileptic) not indicated for?
  • What is the exception to this rule?
A
  • febrile seizures
  • family hx of febrile; can use anticonvulsant.
51
Q

Which type of seizure is usually benign?

Most cases do not result in neurological damage or epilepsy

A

Febrile seizures

52
Q

What is the requirement for diagnosis of epilepsy?

A

Two unprovoked seizures occuring 24 hours apart.

(e.g., not R/T injury, infection, low blood sugar etc)

53
Q

Which children have increased risk for seizures?

A

Children diagnosed w/ Autism

54
Q

What is the difference between partial and generalized seizures?

A

Partial occurs on side side of the brain; generalized affects both hemispheres.

55
Q

Which partial seizure can develop into generalized seizures?

A

Complex partial

56
Q

Which two types of infections commonly cause fever associated w/ febrile seizures?

A
  1. Upper respiratory infection
  2. Gastrointestinal infection

two types of infections that often cause high or rapid fevers

57
Q
  1. Which seizures do not cause of LOC?
  2. Which ones may or may not cause cause LOC?

Loss of consciousness

A
  1. Simple partial and Myoclonic
  2. Atonic and Infantile spasms
58
Q

Which seizure has the earliest possible onset of 3 months of age?

A

Infantile spasm

59
Q
  1. What does infantile spasms increase the risk of developing?
  2. What factors are associated with that development?
A
  1. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
  2. Intellectual disability
60
Q

Describe simple partial seizures

  • Loss of consciousness?
  • Aura?
  • Describe manifestation
A
  • No LOC
  • No Aura
  • Tonic-clonic movements on contralateral side and sensory signs
61
Q

Describe complex partial seizures

  • Loss of consciousness?
  • Aura?
  • Describe manifestation
A
  • Impaired LOC
  • Aura present
  • Automatisms*

Repeated activities w/ or w/o purpose carried out in dreamy state

62
Q

What are the following medication treatments for

  1. Viabatrin
  2. ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Infantile spasms

63
Q

What must be monitored carefully with the medication Viabatrin?

A

Retinopathy
(visual field loss) side effect

64
Q

Which seizure can occur over 100x in one day?

A

Infantile spasms

65
Q

Sudden dropping of head forward, trunk flexed forward, knees drawn up in a child under 1 is a sign of which seizure?

A

Infantile spasms

66
Q

Why would you conduct lab tests, CT scans, and X-ray when presented with a child exhibiting seizure?

A

Assess for seizures that were provoked to occur

67
Q

Why would the following exams be conducted when concerned about seizures?

  1. CBC
  2. CMP
  3. CT scan
  4. X-Ray
A
  1. R/O infection
  2. R/O Electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia
  3. R/O Tumors
  4. R/O fractures caused by abuse

All the following can be the cause of seizures

68
Q

When can you begin the withdrawl of anticonvulsants?

A
  1. Normal EEG
  2. No occurance of seizures for 3 years
69
Q

What is the ketogenic diet entail for seizures?

A

Meals high in fat;
low in carb and protein

70
Q
  1. Which seizures are VNS indicated for as treatment?
  2. Why is it indicated for that seizure?
  3. What is the appropriate age to begin?
A
  1. complex partial seizures
  2. Aura is present
  3. Children ≥ 6 years.
71
Q

What is a status epilpticus?

A

medical emergency for a seizure that lasts > 5 minutes

72
Q

Which seizure is described?

Convulsive episodes w/ brief contraction of muscles or group of muscles.

A

myoclonic seizures

73
Q

which seizure is described?

sudden or momentary loss of muscle tone

A

Atonic seizure

74
Q

What risks are associated with atonic seizures?

A

Risk for falls

Head gear may be indicated

75
Q

Which seizure has a higher prevalence in females?

A

Absence
(petit mal) seizures

76
Q

Which seizure is described?

  • Brief loss of consciousness
  • Mistaken for day dreaming

No recollection of events

A

Absence
(petit mal)

77
Q

Which EOM test can be used for patients that are unconscious?

Checks CN III, VI, VIII and brain stem intact

A

Dolls Head (Eye) Maneuver

78
Q

What is the normal finding w/ Dolls head maneuver?

A

Eye should move in opposite direction head is turned

79
Q

When is surgery indicated for seizures?

A

repetitive incapacitating seizures that do not respond to other treatment modalities.

seizure w/ a focal area at the brain stem contraindicated

80
Q

What additional medications are given w/ Phenobarbital for seizures?

A
  1. Folic acid
  2. Vitamin D
81
Q

What three things are assessed with a Glasgow Coma Scale?

A
  1. Eye opening
  2. Verbal
  3. Motor

Pediatrics (10 decks)

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