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Pediatrics > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

At which age is the brain fully developed?

A

25

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2
Q

Define

Cephalocaudal

A

development starts from the head moving down to the toes.

Head develops before feet

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3
Q

Define

proximodistal

A

development starts from the center to the periphery

arms and legs develop before hands and feet

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4
Q

Which developmental years are associated with decreased BMI?

A

BMI decreases in preschool years (3 to 5)

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5
Q

What years are considered preschool?

A

3 to 5 years old

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6
Q

What percentile range would underweight fall under?

A

< 5th percentile

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7
Q

Which percentile range would normal weight fall under?

A

5% ≤ normal weight < 85 %

5th percentile to less than 85th percentile

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8
Q

Which percentile range would over weight fall under?

A

85% ≤ overweight < 95%

85th to less than the 95th percentile

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9
Q

Which percentile range would obesity fall under?

A

≤ 95%

Equal to or greater than the 95th percentile

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10
Q

What can cause a depressed (sunken) fontanel?

A

dehydration

(lack of fluids, vomiting, diarrhea, etc)

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11
Q

What can be the cause of a bulging fontanel?

A
  • Cephalhematoma (hematoma)
  • Caput succedaneum (edema)
  • Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup)

Caput succedaneum can cross suture lines

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12
Q

How would you elicit the rooting reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. Brushing the cheek or near the mouth.
  2. Begins to disappear 3 to 4 months, but can last up to 12 months.
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13
Q

How would you elicit the palmar grasp reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. Putting an object or examiners finger in infants palm
  2. Typically 5 to 6 months
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14
Q

How would you elicit the plantar grasp reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. pressing a thumb against the ball of the foot
  2. Typically 9 to 12 months
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15
Q

How would you elicit the babinski reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. Gliding up the lateral side of the foor and across the top to the big toe.
  2. Can last up to 18 months
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16
Q

How would you elicit the moro reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. lift the baby until the head drops down then dropping it or a loud noise.
  2. Typically disappears around 4 months

(startle reflex)

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17
Q

How would you elicit the tonic neck reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. When infant’s head is turned to one side, arm and leg extend on that side, and opposite arm and leg flex
  2. Typically disappears around 3 to 4 months

(fencing reflex)

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18
Q

How would you elicit the dancing/stepping reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. infant is held so that sole of foot touches hard surface, there is reciprocal flexion and extension of leg,
    simulating walking
  2. Typically disappears around 1 to 2 months
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19
Q

When can an infant begin to wave good bye?

A

10-12 months

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20
Q

What age range can a infant begin to roll over purposefully?

A

4-6 months

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21
Q

Which reflex is a precursor to rolling for infants

A

Tonic neck (fencing)

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22
Q

How would you elicit the crawling reflex?
When does the reflex disappear?

A
  1. When placed on abdomen, infant makes crawling movements with arms and legs
  2. Typically disappears around 6 weeks of age.
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23
Q

If a mother is breastfeeding, how can you be sure the baby is getting enough breast milk?

A

Diaper counts

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24
Q

When is the earliest solid foods should be introduced to an infant?

according to AAP

A

6 months

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25
Q

How should new foods be introduced to infants?

according to AAP

A

Begin w/ low allergy risk food (e.g., purred bananas) then wait 2 to 3 days for any reactions. If no reaction proceed to introducing other food.

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26
Q

What factors put a infant at risk for peanut allergeries

according to AAP

A

eczema (mild, moderate, persistant) or immeidate allergy reaction to other food

Consult provider or allergy evaluation

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27
Q

What age would oral hygiene be introduced?

A

Beginning at birth gum cleaning should be introduced.

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28
Q

By what age should an infant have seen a dentist?

A

Before turning 1

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29
Q

Recommendations (3) on juice during infancy

according to AAP

A
  1. Juice only served during meals or not at all.
  2. Not recommender under the age of 6.
  3. For infants 6 to 12 it should be diluted and limited to 4 oz/day
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30
Q

What are the recommended nutritional feeding times for a newborn?

Birth to 1 month

A

Every 2 to 3 hours

If bottle feeding (60 to 90 cc)

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31
Q

When does birth weight double?

A

Between 4 to 6 months

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32
Q

When does birth weight triple?

A

Between 10 to 12 months

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33
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

Between 6 to 8 weeks

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34
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close?

A

Between 1 to 3 years

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35
Q

When do infants begin play with their fingers?

A

Typically 2 to 4 months

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36
Q

When are infants able to recognize voice and turn their heads listen?

A

Typically 2 to 4 months

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37
Q

Developmental milestone:

When does “coo” occur?

A

On average 3 months
(2 to 4 months)

“coo” = 3 letters

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38
Q

When does separation anxiety typically begin?

A

Between 4 to 6 months

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39
Q

When do infants begin to reach for objects?

A

Typically 4 to 6 months

40
Q

When does head lag typically disappear?

A

Between 4 to 6 months

41
Q

When does the crude pincer grasp begin?

A

Typically 6 to 8 months

42
Q

When does stranger anxiety begin?

A

Typically 6 to 8 months

43
Q

When can an infant sit?

A

Typically 6 to 8 months

At 8 months sits independently

44
Q

When does babble occur?

(e.g., da-da, ma-ma, ga-ga)

A

Typically 6 to 8 months

45
Q

When does fine pincer grip occur?

A

Typically 8 to 10 months

46
Q

When does object permanece occur?

A

Typically 8 to 10 months

47
Q

When can an infant pull itself up in standing position

A

Typically 8 to 10 months

48
Q

When does an infant begin to understand the meaning of “No”

A

Typically 8 to 10 months

49
Q

When is head and chest circumference equal?

A

Typically 10 to 12 months

50
Q

What age are infants abe to sit back down after standing?

A

Typically 10 to 12 months

51
Q

When are infants able to speak approx. 3 to 5 words?

A

Typically 10 to 12 months

52
Q

When does toilet training typically occur?

A

Typically 1 to 3 years (toddler)

53
Q

When does BW quadruple?

A

Toddler
(1-3)

54
Q

When does physiological anorexia typically occur?

A

Typically 1 to 3 years (toddler)

↓ appetite due to ↓ growth; nutrition needs ↓

55
Q

What is often the cause of regression in children?

A

Stress or hospitalizations

56
Q

When does gender identity typically take place?

A

Between 3 to 5 years (preschool)

ability to label themselves as M or F

57
Q

During what years do children typically take everything said as litteral meaning?

A

Between 3 to 5 years (preschool)

58
Q

When is the last age range in which boys and girls are similar in proportion?

A

Typically between 6 to 12 (school age)

59
Q

What are the three different age range classifications for adolescence?

A
  • Early adolescence (12 to 14)
  • Middle adolescence (15 to 17)
  • Late adolescence (18 to 21)

Adolescence (12 to 21)

60
Q

During what age group does risky behavior tend to occur (which age range is most turbulent time)?

A

Typically 15 to 17 (Middle adolescence)

61
Q

What age is the prepubertal growth spurt for girls?

A

~10

School Age (6-12)

62
Q

What age is the prepubertal growth spur for boys?

A

~12

School Age (6-12)

63
Q

When is chest circumference > head

A

1 to 3 years
(toddler)

64
Q

When would children typically have all their primary teeth?

A

End of the toddler years
(by the age of 3)

65
Q

Which developmental age does the secondary teeth begin to occur?

A

6 to 12 years
(school age)

66
Q

What is thelarche?
When does it typically occur?

A
  • Thelarche (or breast budding) is normally the first physical sign of puberty in females
  • occurs 1 year after the child’s growth spurt.

Tanner stage 1

67
Q

What is adrenarche?
When does it occur in females?

A

the awakening of the adrenal gland
2-6 months after breast development (thelarche)

responsible for making sex hormones

68
Q

What is menarche?
When does it typically occur?

A

First occurance of menstruation
Occurs 2 years after breast development (thelarche).

Tanner stage 4

69
Q

Which tanner stage does peak height velocity occur in females?

A

Typically tanner stage 3

Lecture said 2 or 3

70
Q

Which tanner stage does peak height velocity occur in males?

A

Tanner stage 4

Lecture states (3 to 5)

71
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When do children recgonize their self as agents of action?

*pulls a string to set mobile in motion *

A

sensorimotor stage

Birth to 2 years

72
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When does object permance occur?

A

sensorimotor stage

Birth to 2 years

73
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When are children egocentric?

difficulty taking the viewpoint of others

A

pre-operational stage

2 to 7 years

74
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When are children egocentric?

difficulty taking the viewpoint of others

A

pre-operational stage

2 to 7 years

75
Q

Which age range would chest circumference < head circumference

A

Birth to 10 months

10-12 months chest = head

76
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When do children begin classifying objects by features ?

grouping red objects together or square objects

A

pre-operational stage

2 to 7 years

77
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When do children begin classifying objects by features ?

grouping red objects together or square objects

A

pre-operational stage

2 to 7 years

78
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When do children begin classifying objects by features ?

A

pre-operational stage

2 to 7 years

79
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When do children begin magical thinking ?

A

pre-operational stage

2 to 7 years

80
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When does conservation and reversibility occur?

A

Concrete stage

7 to 11 years

81
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

When does abstract thinking and inductive/detuctive reasoning occur?

A

Formal operational stage

12 to 21 years

82
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage of Development

What age does Trust vs. Mistrust occur?

A

Birth to 1 year
Infancy

83
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage of Development

What age does Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt occur?

A

1 to 3 years
Toddler

84
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage of Development

What age does Initative vs. Guilt occur?

A

3 to 5 years
Preschool

85
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage of Development

What age does Industry vs. Inferiority occur?

A

6 to 12 years
School age

86
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage of Development

What age does Identity vs. Role Confusion occur?

A

12 to 21 years
Adolescence

87
Q

When can an infant begin to wave good bye?

A

10-12 months

88
Q

What age range would infants be able to hold objects (e.g., rattles)

A

2 to 4 months

89
Q

Which age range do infants begin to bang objects?

A

6 to 8 months

90
Q

At which age range are infants able to begin creeping?

moving on their hands and knees

A

8 to 10 months.

91
Q

At which age is parallel play seen?

A

1 to 3 years
(toddler)

play alongside an infant, but not engaging w/ them

92
Q

When are children typically able to begin speaking 2000 words?

A

3-5
(preschool)

93
Q

When do sleep transition objects become important

A

3-5
(preschool)

94
Q

When does body modesty typically begin to occur?

A

3-5
(preschool)

95
Q

Which tanner stage does gynecomastia, voice break, and does muscle increase in males?

A

Tanner Stage 3

Pediatrics (10 decks)

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