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Anatomy and Diagnostics > Neurological System Pt.1 > Flashcards

Neurological System Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Regions of the vertebral column

A 
cervical (C1-C7)
thoracic (T1-T12)
lumbar (L1-L5)
sacrum (S1-S4)
coccyx
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2
Q

Spinal curvature in an early embryo

A

primary curvature

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3
Q

Spinal curvatures in an adult

A

secondary (c) > primary (t) > secondary (l) > primary (s)

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4
Q

define excessive kyphosis

A

abnormality of the spine causing excessive curvature with pain and stiffness (too rolled forward)

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5
Q

define excessive lordosis

A

excessive inward curvature of the spine in the lower back.

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6
Q

define scoliosis

A

condition characterised by sideways curvature of the spine or back bone

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7
Q

label image of typical vertebra

A

body, arch, pedicle, transverse process, lamina, spinous process, sup/inf articular process, sup/inf vertebral notch

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8
Q

Compare vertebral bodies of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

A

C: rectangular w/ concave sup + convex inf surface
T: columnar, heart shaped in sup view
L: massive columnar, kidney shaped in sup view

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9
Q

Compare vertebral foramen of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

A

C: triangular
T: circular, relatively small compared to the body
L: triangular, intermediate size

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10
Q

Compare spinous processes of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

A

C: bifid
T: long + sloping, overlaps inferior vertebra
L: short, broad, blunt

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11
Q

Compare transverse processes of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

A

C: perforated (foramen transversarium) w/ ant/pos tubercles
T: long, strong, extend posterolaterally
L: long, slender, directed laterally

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12
Q

Where is uncinate process found?

A

found bilaterally C3-C7

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13
Q

Compare articular facets of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

A

C: oblique, relatively horizontal, directed primarily super/inf
T: costal x2 on each side of body, x1 on each trans process, nearly vertical articular facets primarily directed pos/ant
L: nearly vertical directed primarily medially and laterally

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14
Q

label an image of atlas and axis

A

x

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15
Q

Which ligament limits the amount of rotation of the head?

A

alar ligament

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16
Q

YES and NO joints?

A

YES atlanto-occipital

NO atlanto-axial

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17
Q

What stabilises the atlanto-axial joint?

A

cruciate ligament

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18
Q

cruciate ligament made up of?

A

superior longitudinal band
transverse ligament of atlas
inferior longitudinal band

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19
Q

List typical ligaments of the spinal column, label them on a diagram.

A 
posterior longitudinal
anterior longitudinal
supraspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament
20
Q

Label a cross section of the intervertebral disc.

A

concentric lamellae
nucleus pulposus
anulus fibrosus

21
Q

Number of spinal segments

A

31

22
Q

number of pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

23
Q

spinal nerve numbers by spinal region

A 
c 8
t 12
l 5
s 5
c 1
24
Q

nerves leave the vertebral column through?

A

intervertebral foramina

25
Q

C1-C7 leave the vertebral column above or below vertebrae?

A

above

26
Q

C8-coccygeal leave the vertebral column above or below vertebrae?

A

below

27
Q

List the enlargements for the innervation of the limbs.

A

cervical (C3-T1) > upper limbs

lumbar (L1-S2) > lower limbs

28
Q

Describe the parts of the spinal nerve from the spinal cord

A

anterior/posterior horns of grey matter > posterior (sensory)/anterior (motor) roots > /sensory ganglion/ > spinal nerve > anterior/posterior rami (mixed sensory/motor axons

29
Q

Which of the periosteal or meningeal layer of the dura mater is closest to the skull?

A

periosteal

30
Q

Name the meningeal layers from superficial to deep.

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

31
Q

No epidural space within the _________ but one in the _____________.

A

cranial cavity

vertebral column

32
Q

Spinal dura mater is continuous with what layer meningeal or periosteal?

A

meningeal

33
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

true space between the dura and the vertebral periosteum filled with fat and venous plexus

34
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF

35
Q

What happens to the dura mater in the spinal cord?

A

continuous with inner sheet of dura in cranium, forms dural sac, extends to S2

36
Q

What happens to the arachnoid mater in the spinal cord?

A

ballooned up against the dura

37
Q

What happens to the pia mater in the spinal cord?

A

adheres tightly to the surface of the spinal cord

38
Q

What is the denticulate ligament?

A

extensions of the pia that anchor the spinal cord to the dura, lateral denticulate ligaments separate posterior and anterior roots

39
Q

Posterior roots enters the spinal cord in?

A

posterolateral sulcus

40
Q

Posterior roots exits the spinal cord in?

A

anterolateral sulcus

41
Q

How is epidural/spinal anaesthesia administered?

A

into subarachnoid/epidural space

42
Q

What is the lumbar cistern?

A

exists at about L2/S2, reservoir of CSF, enlargement of the subarachnoid space

43
Q

List examples of spinal pathology.

A

Fractures of vertebral column
Prolapsed intervertebral disc - sciatica
Spondylosis (degeneration)
Spondylolysis (stress fracture of pars interarticularis)
Spondylolisthesis (forward displacement of vertebra)
Spondylitis (inflammation of vertebrae)
Spinal cord injury

44
Q

Factors affecting severity of spinal lesions

A

loss of neural tissue, vertical level (higher the lesion the greater the disability), transverse plane (no of tracts involved)

45
Q

The intermediate upper and lower limb examinations can be subdivided into the following categories:

A

tone
power
reflexes
sensations

46
Q

What steps should you include prior to starting an examination?

A

ensure you are wearing correct PPE, hand wash, introducing yourself, confirm patient’s name and DOB, patient consent, ensure adequate exposure and positioning of the patient

47
Q

When doing a neurological exam of the upper and lower limbs, what are you checking for?

A

tone
power
reflexes
sensation

Anatomy and Diagnostics (9 decks)

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