Intro, Development and Bones of the Lower Limb

Question 1

List the two major regions of the lower limb.

Answer 1

free lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)
gluteal region (buttock, hip)

Question 2

Compare the homology of the upper and lower limbs.

Answer 2

clear homology between segments, actions at homologous joints have the opposite orientation

Question 3

Why do the same actions at the upper and lower limbs have the opposite orientation?

Answer 3

the lower limb is twisted (internal rotation, permanent pronation) during development

Question 4

How does the development of the lower limb affect adults?

Answer 4

anterior dermatomes have twisted, oblique fields
extensor muscles are anterior and flexors are posterior
thumb is lateral, big toe is medial

Question 5

Summarise the bones of the lower limb.

Answer 5

pelvic girdle
femur
patella
tibia + fibia
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 6

What is the pelvic girdle made up of?

Answer 6

2x hip bones articlulates with sacrum and at pubic symphysis, proximal femur

Question 7

Hip bones formed of what three bones?

Answer 7

ilium
ischium
pubis

Question 8

Before fusion is complete, 3 parts of the hip bones are separated by?

Answer 8

triradiate cartilage

Question 9

What parts of the hip bone contribute to the acetabulum?

Answer 9

all 3
ilium
ischium
pubis

Question 10

Label ASIS, AIIS, obturator foramen.

Answer 10

use lateral view of hip bone

Question 11

Label superior/inferior ramus of pubis, ramus/body of ischium.

Answer 11

use anterior view of pelvis

Question 12

Contrast the anterior and posterior surfaces of the shaft of the femur.

Answer 12

anterior > smooth

posterior > linea aspera (ridge running from superior to inferior edge)

Question 13

What feature of the femur bone cause the knees to be closer together and under the pelvis?

Answer 13

inforum medially oblique: femoral head, neck is at an angle to long axis but knee is on horizontal plane

Question 14

Label an image of the proximal femur.

Answer 14

head, neck, fovea, greater/lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line, gluteal tuberosity

Question 15

Label an image of the distal femur.

Answer 15

medial/lateral supracondylar ridges, medial/lateral epicondyles, medial/lateral condyles, intercondylar fossa

Question 16

Which of the tibia and fibula is the larger weight bearing bone?

Answer 16

tibia

Question 17

The proximal end of the tibia forms the?

Answer 17

tibial plateau

Question 18

The extension off the distal end of the tibia is named?

Answer 18

medial malleolus

Question 19

The extension off the distal end of the fibular is named?

Answer 19

lateral malleolus

Question 20

The shafts of the tibia and fibular are connected by?

Answer 20

interserrous membrane

Question 21

The tibial plateau is made up of what parts?

Answer 21

medial condyle
lateral condyle
intercondylar eminence

Question 22

What bony structure is easily palpated under the knee and is a site of muscle attachment?

Answer 22

tibial tuberosity

Question 23

The proximal end of the fibula articulates with proximal tibia laterally to form?

Answer 23

proximal tibia fibula joint

Question 24

The upper surface of the foot is called?

Answer 24

dorsum

Question 25

The sole of the foot is called?

Answer 25

planta

Question 26

Anatomical name for large toe?

Answer 26

hallux

Question 27

Flexion and extension at the ankle joint is called?

Answer 27

dorsiflexion

plantarflexion

Question 28

What is inversion?

Answer 28

movement when the sole is turned medially

Question 29

What is eversion?

Answer 29

movement when the sole is turned laterally

Question 30

List the tarsal bones. (Start from closest to heel)

Answer 30

talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, three cuneiforms

Question 31

How many metatarsals in the foot?

Answer 31

five

Question 32

Anatomical name for the heel bone

Answer 32

calcaneus

Question 33

How many flanges in the foot?

Answer 33

normally three per phalanges, but hallux is exception with two just like the thumb

Question 34

When viewing the bones of the foot from below, what is seen in the region of the first metatarsal pharyngeal joint?

Answer 34

pair of small bones called sesamoid bones

Question 35

Why are the sesamoid bones important?

Answer 35

Bear body weight when heel is raised and protects an important tendon

Question 36

List arches of the foot.

Answer 36

transverse, lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal

Question 37

What is the function of arches of the foot?

Answer 37

weight bearing, flexibility and movement