Intro, Development and Bones of the Lower Limb Flashcards
List the two major regions of the lower limb.
free lower limb (thigh, leg, foot) gluteal region (buttock, hip)
Compare the homology of the upper and lower limbs.
clear homology between segments, actions at homologous joints have the opposite orientation
Why do the same actions at the upper and lower limbs have the opposite orientation?
the lower limb is twisted (internal rotation, permanent pronation) during development
How does the development of the lower limb affect adults?
anterior dermatomes have twisted, oblique fields
extensor muscles are anterior and flexors are posterior
thumb is lateral, big toe is medial
Summarise the bones of the lower limb.
pelvic girdle femur patella tibia + fibia tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
2x hip bones articlulates with sacrum and at pubic symphysis, proximal femur
Hip bones formed of what three bones?
ilium
ischium
pubis
Before fusion is complete, 3 parts of the hip bones are separated by?
triradiate cartilage
What parts of the hip bone contribute to the acetabulum?
all 3
ilium
ischium
pubis
Label ASIS, AIIS, obturator foramen.
use lateral view of hip bone
Label superior/inferior ramus of pubis, ramus/body of ischium.
use anterior view of pelvis
Contrast the anterior and posterior surfaces of the shaft of the femur.
anterior > smooth
posterior > linea aspera (ridge running from superior to inferior edge)
What feature of the femur bone cause the knees to be closer together and under the pelvis?
inforum medially oblique: femoral head, neck is at an angle to long axis but knee is on horizontal plane
Label an image of the proximal femur.
head, neck, fovea, greater/lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line, gluteal tuberosity
Label an image of the distal femur.
medial/lateral supracondylar ridges, medial/lateral epicondyles, medial/lateral condyles, intercondylar fossa
Which of the tibia and fibula is the larger weight bearing bone?
tibia
The proximal end of the tibia forms the?
tibial plateau
The extension off the distal end of the tibia is named?
medial malleolus
The extension off the distal end of the fibular is named?
lateral malleolus
The shafts of the tibia and fibular are connected by?
interserrous membrane
The tibial plateau is made up of what parts?
medial condyle
lateral condyle
intercondylar eminence
What bony structure is easily palpated under the knee and is a site of muscle attachment?
tibial tuberosity
The proximal end of the fibula articulates with proximal tibia laterally to form?
proximal tibia fibula joint
The upper surface of the foot is called?
dorsum
The sole of the foot is called?
planta
Anatomical name for large toe?
hallux
Flexion and extension at the ankle joint is called?
dorsiflexion
plantarflexion
What is inversion?
movement when the sole is turned medially
What is eversion?
movement when the sole is turned laterally
List the tarsal bones. (Start from closest to heel)
talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, three cuneiforms
How many metatarsals in the foot?
five
Anatomical name for the heel bone
calcaneus
How many flanges in the foot?
normally three per phalanges, but hallux is exception with two just like the thumb
When viewing the bones of the foot from below, what is seen in the region of the first metatarsal pharyngeal joint?
pair of small bones called sesamoid bones
Why are the sesamoid bones important?
Bear body weight when heel is raised and protects an important tendon
List arches of the foot.
transverse, lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal
What is the function of arches of the foot?
weight bearing, flexibility and movement
