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Bioscience II > Neurological System III > Flashcards

Neurological System III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Associated ganglia
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2
Q

What does the mnemonic “SAD” describe about the PNS?

A
  • Sensory
  • Afferent
  • Dorsal
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3
Q

What does the mnemonic “MEV” describe about the PNS?

A
  • Motor
  • Efferent
  • Ventral
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4
Q

What are the primary two subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  • Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary/Conscious)

- Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)

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5
Q

What nerve structure is described as “a group of nerve cell bodies that live outside the CNS”?

A
  • Ganglia
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6
Q

What kinds of nerves convey information from the CNS to the muscles and glands and have motor, secretory, and inhibitory effects.

A
  • Efferent nerves
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7
Q

***What kind of nerves convey sensory stimuli from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS and are the first cells to receive sensory information?

A
  • Afferent (sensory) fibers

- SAD

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8
Q

Which subdivision of the PNS contains sensory neurons for the control of skin, muscles, and joints?

A
  • Somatic nervous system
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9
Q

Which subdivision of the PNS is responsible for involuntary innervation of organ systems and is composed of three subdivisions? Which are they and what are their anatomic classifications?

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system
    • thoracolumbar division
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
    • craniosacral division
  • Enteric nervous system
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10
Q

What is the path of the sensory information conduction pathway?

A
  • Receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Center
    • Incoming sensory information generates an outgoing motor response (may inhibit, transmit, reroute information)
  • Motor neuron
    • Transmits information to the organ in question, located on the ventral side
  • Effector
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11
Q

***How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 31
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12
Q
  • What is the term for the end of the spinal cord
A
  • Conus medullaris
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13
Q
  • At what level is the end of the spinal cord in adults?
A
  • L1-L2
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14
Q
  • At what level is the end of the spinal cord in neonates?
A
  • Some sources say L3-L4

- Some say L4-L5

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15
Q
  • How many roots does each segment of the spinal cord contain?
A
  • 4
  • They pertain to a specific spinal level nerve and contain a dorsal and ventral root on either side.
  • Each root consists of bundles of nerve fibers
  • First cervical segment usually lacks dorsal roots
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16
Q

Which portion of the internal divisions of the spinal cord shows and H-shaped internal mass of grey matter surrounded by white matter?

A
  • Gray matter
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17
Q

Which portion of the internal divisions of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

A
  • White matter

- Fast-conducting myelinated fibers form bundles that ascend or descend varying distances

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18
Q

What are fiber bundles with common functions called?

A
  • Tracts
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19
Q

Where do nerve roots exit the vertebral column?

A
  • Intervertebral foramina
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20
Q

In the cervical spine, where do nerve roots exit the vertebral column with what notable exception?

A
  • ABOVE corresponding vertebral body

- C8 nerve root exits between vertebral bodies C7-T1

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21
Q

In lower portions of the spine numbered roots exit their corresponding vertebral body from what position?

A
  • Exit BELOW the corresponding numbered vertebral body
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22
Q

Ventral (anterior) roots constitute what kind of tract from the spinal cord?

A
  • Motor outflow tracts from the spinal cord
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23
Q

Dorsal (posterior) roots are primarily what type of nerve fibers?

A
  • Sensory
24
Q

The spinal nerve is what kind of nerve?

A
  • Mixed
25
Q

The sensory component of each spinal nerve is distributed to what?

A
  • A dermatome
26
Q

The nipple corresponds to what dermatome level?

A
  • T4
27
Q

The umbilicus corresponds to what dermatome level?

A
  • T10
28
Q

What types of nerves are affected 2 levels ABOVE the sensory dermatome level?

A
  • Sympathetic
29
Q

What types are affected 2 levels BELOW the sensory dermatome level?

A
  • Motor
30
Q

What nervous system component refers to skeletal musculature innervated by motor axons in a given spinal root?

A
  • Myotomes

- Testing of motor functions can be useful in determining the extent of a pathological lesion

31
Q

Shortly after a spinal nerve exits its intervertebral foramen, it divides into what two branches?

A
  • Dorsal ramus

- Ventral ramus

32
Q

Ventral rami of spinal nerves do not go directly to the structures of the body they supply. What do they do instead and what is the major exception?

A
  • They form plexuses with adjacent nerve on either side of the body
  • T2-T11 (Think thoracolumbar division)
33
Q

The nerves of what spinal levels are intercostal nerves distributed directly to intercostal spaces and additionally supplying other areas of the upper body?

A
  • T2-T11
34
Q

***What nerves form the cervical plexus? What is a major nerve of this plexus?

A
  • C1-C4 with contributions from C5

- Phrenic nerve

35
Q

***What anatomical parts are innervated by the cervical plexus?

A
  • Skin and muscles of the:
    • Head
    • Neck
    • The upper part of the shoulders
36
Q

***What nerves comprise the brachial plexus and what are some of the major nerves of this plexus?

A
  • C5-C8 and T1
  • Radial n.
  • Ulnar n.
  • Median n. (RUM UP)
37
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate? What does damage to it cause?

A
  • Extensor muscles (Posterior aspect of arm)
    • Wrist
    • Fingers
    • Triceps
  • Damage causes wrist drop
38
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate? What does damage to it cause?

A
  • The anteromedial muscle of forearm and palm
  • Finger adduction and abduction
  • Wrist flexion and adduction
  • Damage causes claw hand
39
Q

What does the Median nerve innervate? What does damage to it cause?

A
  • Anterior forearm, palm

- Damage causes numbness and tingling in palm and fingers, and inability to pronate forearm or wrist flexion/

40
Q

What spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus?

A
  • L1-L4
41
Q

What anatomical regions are innervated by the lumbar plexus?

A
  • Anterolateral abdominal wall
  • External genitals
  • Part of the lower extremity
42
Q

What is the largest nerve of the lumbar plexus and what does damage to this nerve cause?

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Inability to extend the leg
  • Loss of sensation to the anteromedial thigh
43
Q

What spinal nerves are involved in the sacral plexus?

A
  • L4-L5 and S1-S4
44
Q

What does the sacral plexus innervate?

A
  • Buttocks
  • Perineum
  • Lower extremities
45
Q

What is the largest nerve in the sacral plexus and what deficit occurs if it is damaged?

A
  • Sciatic nerve

- Foot drop if damaged

46
Q

Where is the superficial origin of a cranial nerve?

A
  • The area of the brain where the nerve emerges or enters
47
Q

Where are the cells of cranial nerves with motor function?

A
  • Within the brain stem
48
Q

Where are the cells of origin of cranial nerves with sensory function?

A
  • Outside the brain stem (first-order nuclei)

Second-order nuclei lie within the brain stem

49
Q

Which cranial nerves are not true nerves and what are they instead?

A
  • Olfactory peduncle
  • Optic nerve
  • Fiber tracts of the brain
50
Q

Which nerve is derived in part from the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord?

A
  • The spinal accessory nerve (CN IX)

- The remaining 9 pairs relate to the brain stem

51
Q

What are the three functions that cranial nerves may have?

A
  • Sensory
  • Motor
  • Mixed
    • Functional components are conveyed from or to the brain stem by various types of nerve fibers. Some cranial nerves contain only sensory or primarily motor components and others are mixed
    • Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves are not spaced at regular intervals
52
Q

***What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
I- Olfactory
II- Optic
III- Oculomotor
IV- Trochlear
V- Trigeminal
VI- Abducens
VII- Facial
VIII- Acoustic
IX- Glossopharyngeal
X- Vagus
XI- Accessory
XII- Hypoglossal
53
Q

***What are the nerve fiber types of the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
- Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Butts Matter More
I- Sensory
II- Sensory
III- Motor
IV- Motor
V- Both
VI- Motor
VII- Brother
VIII- Sensory
IX- Both
X- Both
XI- Motor
XII- Motor
54
Q

***What do CNs III, IV, and VI control?

A
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Abducens
  • Control eye movement and pupillary constriction
55
Q

***What do CNs XI, and XII control?

A
  • Accessory Spinal
  • Hypoglossal
  • Purely motor
56
Q

*** What do CNs V, VII, IX, X control?

A
  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Mixed nerve
57
Q

***What do CNs III, VII, IX, X control?

A
  • Oculomotor
  • Facial
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Carry parasympathetic fibers
  • Oculomotor reflex

Bioscience II (6 decks)

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