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Neurological System III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Associated ganglia
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2
Q

What does the mnemonic “SAD” describe about the PNS?

A
  • Sensory
  • Afferent
  • Dorsal
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3
Q

What does the mnemonic “MEV” describe about the PNS?

A
  • Motor
  • Efferent
  • Ventral
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4
Q

What are the primary two subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  • Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary/Conscious)

- Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)

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5
Q

What nerve structure is described as “a group of nerve cell bodies that live outside the CNS”?

A
  • Ganglia
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6
Q

What kinds of nerves convey information from the CNS to the muscles and glands and have motor, secretory, and inhibitory effects.

A
  • Efferent nerves
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7
Q

***What kind of nerves convey sensory stimuli from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS and are the first cells to receive sensory information?

A
  • Afferent (sensory) fibers

- SAD

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8
Q

Which subdivision of the PNS contains sensory neurons for the control of skin, muscles, and joints?

A
  • Somatic nervous system
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9
Q

Which subdivision of the PNS is responsible for involuntary innervation of organ systems and is composed of three subdivisions? Which are they and what are their anatomic classifications?

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system
    • thoracolumbar division
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
    • craniosacral division
  • Enteric nervous system
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10
Q

What is the path of the sensory information conduction pathway?

A
  • Receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Center
    • Incoming sensory information generates an outgoing motor response (may inhibit, transmit, reroute information)
  • Motor neuron
    • Transmits information to the organ in question, located on the ventral side
  • Effector
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11
Q

***How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 31
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12
Q
  • What is the term for the end of the spinal cord
A
  • Conus medullaris
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13
Q
  • At what level is the end of the spinal cord in adults?
A
  • L1-L2
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14
Q
  • At what level is the end of the spinal cord in neonates?
A
  • Some sources say L3-L4

- Some say L4-L5

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15
Q
  • How many roots does each segment of the spinal cord contain?
A
  • 4
  • They pertain to a specific spinal level nerve and contain a dorsal and ventral root on either side.
  • Each root consists of bundles of nerve fibers
  • First cervical segment usually lacks dorsal roots
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16
Q

Which portion of the internal divisions of the spinal cord shows and H-shaped internal mass of grey matter surrounded by white matter?

A
  • Gray matter
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17
Q

Which portion of the internal divisions of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

A
  • White matter

- Fast-conducting myelinated fibers form bundles that ascend or descend varying distances

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18
Q

What are fiber bundles with common functions called?

A
  • Tracts
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19
Q

Where do nerve roots exit the vertebral column?

A
  • Intervertebral foramina
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20
Q

In the cervical spine, where do nerve roots exit the vertebral column with what notable exception?

A
  • ABOVE corresponding vertebral body

- C8 nerve root exits between vertebral bodies C7-T1

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21
Q

In lower portions of the spine numbered roots exit their corresponding vertebral body from what position?

A
  • Exit BELOW the corresponding numbered vertebral body
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22
Q

Ventral (anterior) roots constitute what kind of tract from the spinal cord?

A
  • Motor outflow tracts from the spinal cord
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23
Q

Dorsal (posterior) roots are primarily what type of nerve fibers?

24
Q

The spinal nerve is what kind of nerve?

25
The sensory component of each spinal nerve is distributed to what?
- A dermatome
26
The nipple corresponds to what dermatome level?
- T4
27
The umbilicus corresponds to what dermatome level?
- T10
28
What types of nerves are affected 2 levels ABOVE the sensory dermatome level?
- Sympathetic
29
What types are affected 2 levels BELOW the sensory dermatome level?
- Motor
30
What nervous system component refers to skeletal musculature innervated by motor axons in a given spinal root?
- Myotomes | - Testing of motor functions can be useful in determining the extent of a pathological lesion
31
Shortly after a spinal nerve exits its intervertebral foramen, it divides into what two branches?
- Dorsal ramus | - Ventral ramus
32
Ventral rami of spinal nerves do not go directly to the structures of the body they supply. What do they do instead and what is the major exception?
- They form plexuses with adjacent nerve on either side of the body - T2-T11 (Think thoracolumbar division)
33
The nerves of what spinal levels are intercostal nerves distributed directly to intercostal spaces and additionally supplying other areas of the upper body?
- T2-T11
34
***What nerves form the cervical plexus? What is a major nerve of this plexus?
- C1-C4 with contributions from C5 | - Phrenic nerve
35
***What anatomical parts are innervated by the cervical plexus?
- Skin and muscles of the: - Head - Neck - The upper part of the shoulders
36
***What nerves comprise the brachial plexus and what are some of the major nerves of this plexus?
- C5-C8 and T1 - Radial n. - Ulnar n. - Median n. (RUM UP)
37
What does the radial nerve innervate? What does damage to it cause?
- Extensor muscles (Posterior aspect of arm) - Wrist - Fingers - Triceps - Damage causes wrist drop
38
What does the ulnar nerve innervate? What does damage to it cause?
- The anteromedial muscle of forearm and palm - Finger adduction and abduction - Wrist flexion and adduction - Damage causes claw hand
39
What does the Median nerve innervate? What does damage to it cause?
- Anterior forearm, palm | - Damage causes numbness and tingling in palm and fingers, and inability to pronate forearm or wrist flexion/
40
What spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus?
- L1-L4
41
What anatomical regions are innervated by the lumbar plexus?
- Anterolateral abdominal wall - External genitals - Part of the lower extremity
42
What is the largest nerve of the lumbar plexus and what does damage to this nerve cause?
- Femoral nerve - Inability to extend the leg - Loss of sensation to the anteromedial thigh
43
What spinal nerves are involved in the sacral plexus?
- L4-L5 and S1-S4
44
What does the sacral plexus innervate?
- Buttocks - Perineum - Lower extremities
45
What is the largest nerve in the sacral plexus and what deficit occurs if it is damaged?
- Sciatic nerve | - Foot drop if damaged
46
Where is the superficial origin of a cranial nerve?
- The area of the brain where the nerve emerges or enters
47
Where are the cells of cranial nerves with motor function?
- Within the brain stem
48
Where are the cells of origin of cranial nerves with sensory function?
- Outside the brain stem (first-order nuclei) | Second-order nuclei lie within the brain stem
49
Which cranial nerves are not true nerves and what are they instead?
- Olfactory peduncle - Optic nerve - Fiber tracts of the brain
50
Which nerve is derived in part from the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord?
- The spinal accessory nerve (CN IX) | - The remaining 9 pairs relate to the brain stem
51
What are the three functions that cranial nerves may have?
- Sensory - Motor - Mixed - Functional components are conveyed from or to the brain stem by various types of nerve fibers. Some cranial nerves contain only sensory or primarily motor components and others are mixed - Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves are not spaced at regular intervals
52
***What are the 12 cranial nerves?
``` I- Olfactory II- Optic III- Oculomotor IV- Trochlear V- Trigeminal VI- Abducens VII- Facial VIII- Acoustic IX- Glossopharyngeal X- Vagus XI- Accessory XII- Hypoglossal ```
53
***What are the nerve fiber types of the 12 cranial nerves?
``` - Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Butts Matter More I- Sensory II- Sensory III- Motor IV- Motor V- Both VI- Motor VII- Brother VIII- Sensory IX- Both X- Both XI- Motor XII- Motor ```
54
***What do CNs III, IV, and VI control?
- Oculomotor - Trochlear - Abducens - Control eye movement and pupillary constriction
55
***What do CNs XI, and XII control?
- Accessory Spinal - Hypoglossal - Purely motor
56
*** What do CNs V, VII, IX, X control?
- Trigeminal - Facial - Glossopharyngeal - Vagus - Mixed nerve
57
***What do CNs III, VII, IX, X control?
- Oculomotor - Facial - Glossopharyngeal - Vagus - Carry parasympathetic fibers - Oculomotor reflex

Bioscience II (6 decks)

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