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Bioscience II > Neurological System I > Flashcards

Neurological System I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two principal division of the nervous system?

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) (Brain, Spinal Cord)

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (cranial nerves, spinal nerves)

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2
Q

What are key characteristics of the CNS?

A
  • Consists of the brain and spinal cord
  • Enclosed in bone
  • Wrapped in protective coverings (meninges) and fluid-filled spaces
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3
Q

***What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  • Afferent system
    • Sensory neurons convey messages to the rest of the body, first to do so.
  • Efferent system
    • Conveys messages from the brain to the rest of the body
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4
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Efferent nervous system?

A
  • Somatic nervous system

- Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

***Which subdivision of the Efferent nervous system consists of efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue? This system is under conscious control and therefore voluntary.

A
  • Somatic nervous system (SNS)
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6
Q

Which subdivision of the efferent nervous system consists of efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands? Produces responses in involuntary muscles and glands.

A
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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7
Q

What are the four major divisions of the brain?

A
  • Diencephalon
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
    • Pineal gland
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
    • Midbrain
    • Pons
    • Medulla oblongota
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8
Q

Which division of the nervous system is formed by the cranial and spinal nerves, divided into afferent and efferent systems, and further divided into somatic (voluntary), and autonomic nervous system (involuntary)?

A
  • Peripheral nervous system
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9
Q

Viscera receive nerve fibers from which two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)

- Parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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10
Q

When does development of the nervous system begin?

A
  • Third week of gestation
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11
Q

***When does the pre-embryonic stage of development occur?

A
  • 1-2.5 weeks
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12
Q

***When does the embryonic stage of development occur?

A
  • 2.5-8 weeks
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13
Q

***When does the fetal stage of development occur?

A
  • 8 weeks- Birth
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14
Q

What is the term for a nerve cell body?

A
  • Neuron
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15
Q

This term describes a nerve structure that conducts electrical signals from the initial segment to synaptic terminals.

A
  • Axon (many covered in myelin)

* Most nerves normally have at least one axon

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16
Q

This term describes a nerve structure that receives incoming synaptic information from the environment (sensory neurons) or other neurons.

A
  • Dendrite
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17
Q

This nerve structure acts as a nerve insulator and wors to speed signal conduction.

A
  • Myelin
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18
Q

This term refers to the aggregation of myelinated axons from many neurons.

A
  • White matter
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19
Q

This nervous system tissue contains either nerve cell bodies and dendrites, or bundles of unmyelinated axons

A
  • Gray matter
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20
Q

This nervous system term refers to a bundle of fibers in the CNS. It may run long distances along the spinal cord and also exist in the brain connecting parts of the brain with each other and the spinal cord.

A
  • Tracts
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21
Q

What are the two types of tracts in the nervous system?

A
  • Ascending tracts (sensory, afferent, dorsal)

- Descending tracts (motor, efferent, ventral)

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22
Q

Major tracts are composed of mainly what type of fibers?

A
  • Myelinated fibers

- Mainly white matter

23
Q

What is the term used to describe when a zygote rapidly develops to form a hollow ball of cells (blastocyst) within the first week>

A
  • Blastocyst
24
Q

The Blastocyst is differentiated into what four structures?

A
  • Trophectoderm (Outer layer of blastocyst)
  • Inner cell mass
  • Blastocoel (fluid-filled cavity)
25
Q

How long does the blastocyst remain free before attaching to the uterine lining?

A
  • 2-4 days
26
Q

How long after fertilization does implantation of the blastocyst to the endometrium occur?

A
  • 7-8 days
27
Q

After implantation into what three primary germ layers does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst differentiate into?

A
  • Endoderm (GI Tract, Respiratory Tract, Other Organs)
  • Mesoderm (Peritoneum, Muscle, Bone, Connective Tissue)
  • Ectoderm (CNS, Skin)
  • All tissues and organs will develop from these germ layers
28
Q

***Development of the nervous system begins with a thickening of what blastocyst structure and what is it known as when this occurs?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Neural plate
  • Occurs in 3rd week after pregnancy
29
Q

When the neural plate folds inward and forms a longitudinal groove, what does this form?

A
  • Neural groove
30
Q

The neural tube is formed and separates from the ectoderm at what point after fertilization?

A
  • 22-23 days
31
Q

***Cells of the wall that enclose the neural tube differentiates into what 3 cellular layers?

A
  • Marginal (White and grey matter)
  • Mantle (White and grey matter)
  • ***Ependymal (Forms lining of cerebral vesicles and central canal of the spinal cord)
32
Q

When the neural tube is formed the anterior portion forms into what 3 fluid-filled primary vesicles?

A
  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
  • This eventually develops into the ventricular system
33
Q

The posterior portion of the neural tube does not expand after neuralation but eventually becomes what nervous system structure?

A
  • The Spinal Cord
34
Q

As embryologic development progresses what five secondary vesicles form from the Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon?

A
  • Prosencephalon (Anterior telencephalon, posterior diencephalon)
    • Eventually form the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
  • Mesencephalon (Remains unchanged)
  • Rhombencephalon (Anterior metencephalon, posterior myelencephalon)
35
Q

What does the telencephalon eventually for into?

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
36
Q

What does the Diencephalon eventually form into?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
37
Q

What does the Mesencephalon eventually for into?

A
  • Develops into Midbrain
38
Q

What does the Metencephalon develop into?

A
  • Pons

- Cerebellum

39
Q

What does the Myelencephalon develop into?

A
  • Medulla oblongata
40
Q

What major developmental changes occur during the fetal period and when does it occur?

A
  • The onset of organ functions
  • Time of growth and changes in proportion
  • Maturation of organs
41
Q

In the fetal period of development, as the areas of the neural tube posterior to the myelencephalon thicken what nervous system structure does this give rise to?

A
  • Spinal cord
42
Q

The neuro tube consists of what kind of tissue and what does this tissue end up forming?

A
  • Neuroblasts (Neurons)
  • Glioblasts (Supporting cells; astrocytes (structural support for the nervous system, Oligodendrites (Myelin))
  • Ependymal cells
43
Q

***The Marginal layer of the neural tube will develop into what type of tissue?

A
  • The white matter of the nervous system
44
Q

***The Mantle layer of the neural tube will develop into what type of tissue?

A
  • The grey matter of the nervous system
45
Q

***The Ependymal layer of the neural tube will develop into what type of tissue?

A
  • The lining of the ventricles of the CNS
46
Q

As the fetal stage of development occurs two columns of cells develop cephalad and caudad in each plate and become what type of nervous system structures?

A
  • Dorsal horn of gray matter

- Ventral horn of grey matter

47
Q

Why do the dura and the spinal canal extend farther than the spinal cord?

A
  • Because the spinal cord initially fills the entire length of the vertebral canal but the dura and spinal canal eventually develop more quickly
48
Q

As fetal stage development continues in the fetal stages where do nerve roots start to form?

A
  • Lumbar vertebral canal

- Sacral vertebral canal

49
Q

***As fetal stage development continues how is the conus medullaris anchored in the vertebral canal?

A
  • It is anchored by an extension of pia to the coccyx (cranial and meningeal layers)
50
Q

Most major CNS abnormalities and malformations result from what type of pathologies?

A
  • Defective neural tube development

-

51
Q

What are the causes of defective neural tube development and what symptoms may these problems cause?

A
  • Chromosomal causes
  • Environmental causes
  • Mental retardation
  • Developmental problems
52
Q

When is the CNS MOST vulnerable and what stage of fetal development does this correspond to?

A
  • Before many females are aware of a pregnancy

- Embryonic stage (2.5-8 weeks after fertilization)

53
Q

What four common CNS malformations?

A
  • Meningocele
  • Myelocele
  • Hydrocephalic
  • Anencephalic

Bioscience II (6 decks)

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