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Bioscience II > Neurological System II > Flashcards

Neurological System II Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the brain weight?

A

1300 Gms

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2
Q

What are the 4 principal parts of the brain?

A
  • Brain Stem
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
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3
Q

The cranial bones, cranial meninges, and CSF serve what anatomical purpose to the brain?

A

Protection to the brain

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4
Q

*What anatomical structures does the brain stem consist of?

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
  • Lower end is a continuation of the spinal cord
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5
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A
  • Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Which component of the brain occupies 7/8 the total weight of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum

* Spreads over the diencephalon

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7
Q

Which anatomical structure of the brain lies inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem and what is it composed of?

A
  • Cerebellum

- 2 hemispheres

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8
Q

The cranial meninges is continuous with what other neurological structure?

A
  • Spinal meninges

- Surrounds the brain

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9
Q

Which cranial bone forms the forehead, roofs of the orbits, and most of the anterior portion of the cranial floor

A
  • Frontal bone
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10
Q

Which cranial bones form the greater portion of the sides of the cranial cavity?

A
  • Parietal bones
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11
Q

*Which cranial bones for the inferior sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor?

A
  • Temporal bones
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12
Q

*What anatomical structures surround the temporal bones?

A
  • Carotid foramen
  • Posteriorly, jugular vein
  • Passes through CNs IX, X, XI
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13
Q

Which cranial bone forms the posterior and significant portion of the base of the cranium?

A
  • Occipital bone

* Contains the foramen magnum

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14
Q

Which cranial bone is situated at the middle part of the base of the skull and articulates with all the other cranial bones?

A
  • Sphenoid bones
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15
Q

Which cranial bone is the principal supporting structure of the nasal cavities and forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial wall of the orbits, superior portions of the nasal septum, and most of the sidewalls of the nasal roof?

A
  • Ethmoid bones
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16
Q

What are the four prominent skull structures and describe their primary characteristics?

A
  • Coronal suture
  • Sagittal suture
  • Lambdoidal suture
  • Squamosal suture
  • Immovable joints found only between skull bones
  • Contain little connective tissue
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17
Q

*What are the membrane-filled spaces found between cranial bones at birth that eventually become bone?

A
  • Fontanels
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18
Q

*What are the four fontanels?

A
  • Anterior (frontal) fontanel
  • Posterior (occipital) fontanel
  • Anteroleteral (sphenoidal) fontanel
  • Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel
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19
Q

*Which fontanel should be closed by 1-2 months?

A
  • Posterior fontanel
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20
Q

*Which fontanel should be closed between 9-18 months?

A
  • Anterior fontanelle
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21
Q

*Which small, paired fontanel should be closed 3 months after birth?

A
  • Sphenoidal fontanel
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22
Q

*Which paired fontanel should be closed 1-2 months postpartum?

A
  • Mastoid fontanel
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23
Q

*All fontanels should be closed by what time?

A
  • 24 months
24
Q

What are the three membranes that envelop the brain and what are they collectively known as?

A
  • Dura
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia
  • Cranial meninges
25
Q

Which meningeal layer contains arteries and CSF?

A
  • Dura
26
Q

What are the two sublayers of the Dura?

A
  • Inner meningeal layer
  • Outer periosteal layer
  • These layers are generally fused, except where they separate to provide space for the venous sinuses and where the inner layer forms septa between the brain portions
  • Outer layer firmly attached to the inner surface of cranial bones (periOSTEAL), inner layer continuous with spinal dura (meningeal)
27
Q

Where do the Dura’s venous sinuses reside?

A
  • Between the dural sublayers
28
Q

Which is the meningeal layer that is delicate, avascular, contains no blood or CSF?

A
  • Arachnoid
  • Covers the subarachnoid space
  • Subdural space lies between the arachnoid and dura mater
  • Arachnoid granulations (small protrusions of the layer) project into the superior sagittal sinus
  • Subarachnoid space is narrow over the surface of the cerebral hemisphere and wider at areas the base of the brain.
29
Q

Which is the connective tissue membrane that covers the brain surface and extends into sulci and fissures and around blood vessels throughout the brain?

A
  • Pia mater

* Invaginations of the pia form choroid plexuses of the ventricles

30
Q

Various types of lesions, malformations, or pathology may present in one or more intracranial compartments involving what meningeal layer?

A
  • Pia mater

* Maybe due to an obstruction causing hydrocephaly

31
Q

What percentage of total blood volume circulates in the brain?

A
  • 18%
32
Q

*What percentage of total body oxygen consumption is the brain responsible for?

A
  • 20%

* THE YOU SHOULD KNOW HERE IS THAT CONSTANT FLOW OF OXYGEN MUST BE MAINTAINED

33
Q

How quickly can deleterious effects of lack of oxygen to the brain occur?

A
  • Loss of consciousness in less than 15 seconds
  • Irreparable damage within 5 minutes
  • Cerebrovascular disease occurs as a result of vascular compromise or hemorrhage in the central nervous system
34
Q

What are the 4 major divisions of the brain?

A
  • Brain stem
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Develop from embryonic vesicles that form the cranial end of the neural tube
35
Q

*Which major division of the brain is responsible for relaying motor and sensory impulses between other parts of the brain and spinal cord and has some tracts decussate (criss-cross)?

A
  • Medulla, in the brain stem

* YOU SHOULD KNOW

36
Q

Where is the reticular formation located and what are its’ functions?

A
  • Medulla, in the brain stem
  • Consciousness
  • Arousal
37
Q

Which brain division contains vital reflex centers for autonomic functions such as your heartbeat, breathing, and blood vessel diameter/vasomotor function?

A
  • Medulla, brain stem
  • Nonvital reflex centers coordinate swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccupping
  • Vestibular nuclear complex helps maintain equilibrium
38
Q

What cranial nerves are contained in the medulla?

A
  • VIII (Vestibulomotor)
  • IX (Glossopharyngeal)
  • X (Vagus)
  • XI (Accessory)
  • XII (Hypoglossal)
39
Q

**Which region of the brain stem relays impulses within the brain and between parts of the brain and spinal cord?

A
  • Pons
40
Q

The nuclei of which cranial nerves are contained in the Pons?

A
  • V (Trigeminal)
  • VI (Abducens)
  • VII (Facial)
  • VIII (Vestibulomotor)
41
Q

What part of the brainstem contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas that help regulate breating?

A
  • Pons
42
Q

What part of the brainstem relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons and spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus?

A
  • Midbrain

* Coordinates the movement of the eyeballs and head and trunk

43
Q

The nuclei of which cranial nerves are contained in the midbrain?

A
  • III (Oculomotor)

- IV (Trochlear)

44
Q

What are the subdivisions of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
45
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • ## Hypothalamus
46
Q

Which portion of the diencephalon serves as a relay station for all sensory impulses except smell to the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Thalamus
47
Q

Which portion of the diencephalon relays motor impulses from cerebral cortex to spinal cord, interprets pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure sensations?

A
  • Thalamus

* Also functions in emotions and memory

48
Q

Which portion of the diencephalon controls and integrates the ANS, articulates, with the pituitary gland, center for mind-over-body phenomena, rage and aggression, controls normal body temperature, food intake and thirst, and maintains waking state and sleep?

A
  • Hypothalamus
49
Q

This is the functional area of the cerebral cortex that is divided into sensory, motor, and association areas.

A
  • Cerebrum
50
Q

In this area of the brain sensory areas, interpret sensory impulses, motor areas control muscular movements, and association areas function in emotional and intellectual processes.

A
  • Cerebrum
51
Q

This subcortical structure of the cerebrum controls gross muscle movements and regulates muscle tone.

A
  • Basal ganglia
52
Q

This region of the cerebral cortex functions in emotional aspects of behavior related to survival.

A
  • Limbic system (Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, Hippocampus)
53
Q

*What areas of the brain are responsible for language?

A
  • Contained in the left hemisphere in 90% of the population
  • Frontal (Broca’s region)
  • Parietal lobe
    Temporal lobe
    *YOU SHOULD KNOW
54
Q

What is the second-largest portion of the brain that occupies inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial activity?

A
  • Cerebellum
55
Q

This portion of the brain is separated from the cerebrum by the transverse fissure and the tentorium cerebelli, and is responsible for subconscious skeletal muscle contractions required for coordination, posture, and balance.

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Also assumes a role in emotional development, modulating sensations of anger and pleasure
  • Contains 2 cerebral hemispheres, like the cerebrum, separated by the faulx cerebelli and each containing the arborvitae (cerebellar white matter)

Bioscience II (6 decks)

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