Neurological System Flashcards
3 main parts from the brain
Cerebrum (Front/Parietal/Temporal/Occipital)
Cerebellum
Brainstem (Pons\Medulla Oblongata\Midbrain)
Front lobe
↑cognitive function reasoning abstraction Concentration
Parietal lobe
integrates sensory information
Temporal lobe
sound smell processing of complex stimuli
Occipital lobe
light sense and interpretation of visual stimuli
Cerebellum
links sense inpit with motion
coordination and balance
Pons
Message relay from cerebrum and cerebellum and has pneumotaxic center (rate and rhythm) taht controls respirator function
Medulla Oblongata
Eye head coordination
has centers for cardiac vasomotor and respiratory systems
Midbrain
center of hemispheres and lower brain
center for auditory and visual reflexes
CNS pathways
Sensory pathways to became conscious perceptions
Motor paths transmit signals from the brain to muscles
Nerves cross over
CN nerves
12 nerves: 2 from cerebrum 10 from brainstem
CN I
Olfactory (sensory)
smell
CN II
Optic (sense)
sight
CN III
Oculomotor (motor)
Eye movement superiorly, medial. diagonal
contracts pupil
CN IV
Trochlear (Motor)
Eye movement up and down
CN V
Trigeminal (Sense/motor)
M: Chewing and jaw opening and clenching
S: Convey sense from eye (cornea), nose mouth teeth jaw forehead scalp and facial skin
CN VI
Abducens
M: lateral eye movement
CN VII
Facial
M:Closes eyes and mouth, moving mouth and other facial muscles, salivation and lacrimation
S: Tasting on anterior tongue
CN VIII
Acoustic
S:hearing and equilibrium
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
M: swallowing, gag sense and saliva secretion
S: Post tongue taste
CN X
Vagus
M: Palate, pharynx, larynx (speaking and swallowing )
SM: cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems
CN XI
Spinal Accessory
M: Contraction muscles of neck and shoulders
CN XII
Hypoglossal
M: tongue movement, articulation with the tongue , swallowing
Spinal Nerve pairs
8 for Cervical 12 for T 5 for T 5 for Sacral 1 for coccygeal
Parasympathetic system
ctrl visceral functions (rest and digest)
Sympathetic system
Crtl excitatory response
ANS ctrl →
Smooth muscle
glands of organs and blood vessels
sensory information to brain
Brain CT scan
structural imaging study
diagnoses cerebral hemorrhage tumors and inflammatory disorders
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
attached to the head to measure electrical activity of the brain to diagnose seizure activity and neurological disorders
Lumbar Puncture
needles in to the subarachnoid space of vertebrae for CSF
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)
structural imaging study to create a clear picture of the tissue used for the diagnosis of neurological disease spinal cord injuries and cerebral infarction
Positron=emission tomography (PET)
evaluates brains metabolism flow O2 use and glucose metabolism and chemical processes using a radioactive dye
for early detection of dementias Parkinson’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Cerebral angiography
dye to femoral arteries for cerebra l circulation
for stenosis occlusion or aneurysms
Meningitis
inflammation and infection of meninges by virus fungus or bacteria
swelling → headache fever rashes altered mental statuus and a stiff neck
Neuropathy
loss of sensation that may feel like numbness tingling or inability to feel often in the extremity
Neuropathies
Nerves of the periphery are damaged by peripheral vascular disease tissue ischemia and diabetes
Paresthesia pain weakness
Transient ischemic attack TIA
temporary loss of flow to the brain for only a few minutes
Symptoms can be loss of sensation numbness difficulty speaking double vision dysphagia dizziness and motor or sensory deficits
Dysphasia
partial impairment of language
Global Aphasia
Injury to left, middle, cerebra artery infection
complete impairment of language
for comprehension and verbal, written, signed expression modalities
Visual-Receptive Aphasia
Wernicke’s (injury parietal-occipital area): unable to understand language spoken or written
Expressive Aphasia
Broca’s (injury inferior frontal area): unable to understand written or spoken
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Types of headache
Migraine Tension Cluster Chronic daily Increased or decreased CSF headache
Migraine
dysfunction in stem or generics
Throbbing pain in one side of the head with sense sensitivity to light sound and movement w/ or w/o aura
Tension headache
Stress related predisposed by stress/eye strain/ bad posture
Episodic general pain/pressure around the circumference of the head w/o nausea vomiting photophobia
Cluster headache
Unknown: Post Hypothal/CN V disorder or dysfunction
unilateral one side burning stabbing piercing pain swelling or redness around affected eye at the same time daily
3:1 in men: women
Chronic daily
overuse of analgesic meds
Neck stiffness muscle contraction
severe on awaking made worse by exertion activity
Increased or decreased CSF headache
Benign lesion, increase CSF →ICP, post lumbar puncture, vinous Valsalva (lifting straining coughing)
General pressure headache, presents on walking, some relief over day, visual disturbances
Dysphonia
Paralysis of soft palate:
Diffi speaking hoarseness or whisper
Dysarthria
Motor deficit of tongue or speech muscles
Hypoxia
lack of O2 to brain → changes in mental status
Atrial Fibrulation
↑ risk for stroke by giving to formation of blood clots in atrium. can dislodge and trap in cerebral arteries
Paresthesia
numbness or tingling in extremities due to ↓circulation
Chronic →neurological disease, traumatic nerve damage, CNS disease,tumor
Myasthenia
lack of muscled tone or str
Myasthenia gravis
neuromuscular autoimmune → weakness of voluntary muscle
chronic muscle fatigue, dysphagia, drooping eyelid, slurred speech
Multiple Sclerosis MS
inflammitory NS disease
nerve cells are damaged by ↓transmission and comms btwn brain and body
May not be able to walk
NS HH
General health, genetics, health promotion (exercise, exercise. sleep , stress), skin. head nose ears eyes throat respiratory cardiovascular gastrointestinal musculoskeletal endocrine hematological
MMSE
Time orientation
Registration
Naming
Reading
Glasgow scale for comas min/max
Eye\motor\ verbal response
3 to 15
Glasgow eye response
4: opens spontaneously
3: opens on verbal command
2: opens to pain
1: No response
Glasgow Motor response
6: Reacts to verbal command
5: IDs localized pain
4: Flexes and withdrawal from pain
3: Assumes flexor posture
2: Assumes extensor posture
1: No reponse
Glasgow verbal response
5: oriented and converses
4: disoriented but converses
3: uses inappropriate words
2: makes in comprehensible words
1: No response
Deep tendon reflexes grading
0: Absent
1+: slight response but diminished
2+: normal response w/ average str
3+: very brisk or exaggerated response may (not) be normal
4+tap gives a repeating reflex (clonus) always abnormal
Level of consciousness assessment
Questions
Do you have any kids? –> memory
Basically conversationally test these things out
Lethargic
Difficulty maintaining mentation or is sluggish
Aroused and able to answer
Obtunded
Lowered alertness: can only keep awake while verbal or tactile stimuli
Confused when awake
Stupor
Unresponsive to verbal stimuli
Lowered pain response
Nonverbal if they open their eyes
Comatose
Deep unconsciousness
Lack of response to stimuli
Anosmia
Inability to smell or ID the correct smell indicates loss of CN I nerve
CN II test visual acuity
Snellen chart at 20 ft
Used for sight loss like far near sightedness
Myopia
Nearsightedneaa 21+/20
Hyperopia
Far sightedness
Distant clear near blurriest
Presbyopia
Inability to focus needs magnifying glass
Legal blindness
20/200 or more
Normal can see at 200 what Person can see 20
Ocular motility test for CN III, IV, VI
Finger movement test in H formation 6 cardinal position of gaze
Diplopia
Subjective complaint related to muscular dysfunction or neurological problem
Nystagmus
Involuntary cyclical movement of eyes when fixed in a moving object or fixed on something in peripheral vision
Visual field test CN III IV VI
Checking for peripheral vision
Convergence and Accomodation nerves
CN II III
Consensual pupil response
Penlight in pupil do they both react
Mydriasis
Bilateral dilated fixed pupils
Miosis
Abnormal constriction of the pupils
Anasocoria
Unequal pupil size
Homer’s syndrome
Affects one side of the face
Droopy eyelid
Constricted pupil
Cataracts
Cloudy lens that causes blurry lowered vision or blindness
Glaucoma
Intraocular pressure that damages optic nerve
Loss of peripheral vision
Macular degeneration
Degeneration of central field of vision
Ptosis
Droopy eyelid
Blepharitis
Inflammation and infection of the eyelid margins from too much crusty oil
Blocked lacrimal gland
Excessive tearing since they can’t drain
Cataracts
Opacity of lens
Conjunctivitis
Bacterial or viral infection that causes sceral erythema and conjunctiva yellow green drainage
