Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology > Neurological and Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological and Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

Also known as a stroke.
Cause: Sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain.
Risk Factors:
Hypertension (leading risk factor).
Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries).
Heart disease.
Diabetes.
Cigarette smoking.
Heavy alcohol consumption.
Obesity.
Older age.
Male gender.
African American race.
Family history of stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Cause: Blockage in a cerebral artery.
Types:
Thrombotic Stroke: Blood clot forms in brain artery.
Embolic Stroke: Clot travels from elsewhere to brain.
Transient Ischemic Stroke (TIA):
Temporary blockage, warning sign of future stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Cause: Bleeding in cerebral artery.
Types:
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding within brain.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Bleeding around brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

Symptoms:
Contralateral sensory loss.
Hemiparesis/hemiplegia.
Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia.
Dysarthria, aphasia/apraxia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A

Symptoms:
Contralateral sensory loss, hemiparesis.
Visual impairment/homonymous hemianopsia.
Dysarthria, nausea, vomiting.
Memory loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Symptoms:
Contralateral sensory loss, hemiparesis (leg).
Impaired insight, judgment.
Mutism, apathy, confusion.
Urinary incontinence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A

Types: Can be open or closed.
Open Head Injury: Consequences depend on location and severity of injury.
Closed Head Injury: Causes more widespread damage; may result in loss of consciousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Symptoms After Regaining Consciousness:
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A

Emotional: Mood swings, irritability.
Cognitive: Anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Behavioral: Changes in personality, impulsivity.
Physical: Headaches, dizziness, fatigue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Amnesia
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A

Anterograde amnesia: Difficulty forming new memories.
Retrograde amnesia: Loss of recent memories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prognosis
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A

Most recovery occurs in the first three months, with additional improvement in the first year.
Some symptoms may persist indefinitely, especially in moderate to severe injuries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Motor Disorders

A

Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease are caused by degeneration of cells in the motor areas of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Neurodegenerative disorder affecting affective, cognitive, and motor functions.
Cause: Autosomal dominant gene; 50% chance of inheritance.
Onset: Typically between 30 and 50 years old.
Pathology: Abnormalities in basal ganglia; altered GABA and glutamate levels.
Symptoms:
Affective: Depression, mood swings.
Cognitive: Short-term memory loss, impaired concentration.
Motor: Clumsiness, involuntary movements (athetosis, chorea).
Progression: Worsening affective, cognitive, and motor symptoms over time.
Later Stages: Severe movement disorders, difficulty speaking and swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting motor functions.
Cause: Interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
Pathology: Loss of dopamine-producing cells in substantia nigra and basal ganglia.
Other Implications: Excessive glutamate activity, degeneration of norepinephrine neurons.
Symptoms:
Tremor (especially in hands), impaired balance, muscle rigidity,
bradykinesia.
Non-motor symptoms: Depression, cognitive deficits, sleep
disturbances.
Treatment: No cure; symptoms managed with L-dopa to increase dopamine levels.
Depression: Common, precedes motor symptoms in some cases.
Neurocognitive Disorder: May develop in later stages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Seizure Disorders

A

Seizure disorders are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Focal Onset Seizures

A

Begin in localized area in one cerebral hemisphere, may spread.
Types:
Focal Onset Aware Seizures (Simple Partial Seizures):
No loss of consciousness.
Focal Onset Impaired Awareness Seizures (Complex Partial Seizures):
Change in consciousness; may start with aura.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Temporal Lobe Seizures

A

Common, may start with aura (strange taste/odor, intense fear, etc.).
Sweating, dilated pupils, lip-smacking, trouble speaking.
Triggers: Genetic factors, brain injury, tumors, infections, stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Frontal Lobe Seizures

A

Often during sleep, short duration.
Repetitive movements, abnormal posturing, autonomic symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parietal Lobe Seizures

A

Tingling, numbness, abnormal sensations.
Feelings of movement, body image distortions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Occipital Lobe Seizures

A

Eye movements, visual hallucinations, visual impairment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Generalized Onset Motor Seizures:

A

Also known as tonic-clonic seizures or grand mal seizures.
Involve both hemispheres of the brain.
Cause a change in consciousness.

21
Q

Tonic Phase

A

Stiffening of muscles in the face and limbs.

22
Q

Clonic Phase

A

Jerky rhythmic movements in the arms and legs.
Post-seizure symptoms may include depression, confusion, or fatigue with no memory of the event.

23
Q

Generalized Onset Non-Motor Seizures

A

Also known as absence seizures or petit mal seizures.
Brief loss of consciousness.
Characterized by a blank or absent stare.
Some may have upward eye movements and eyelid fluttering

24
Q

Migraine Headaches

A

Description:
Intense, throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head.
May be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or other sensory stimuli.

25
Q

Migraine Headaches Types

A

Migraine Headaches with Aura (Classic Migraines).
Migraine Headaches without Aura (Common Migraines).

26
Q

Triggers - Migraine Headaches

A

Emotional stress, abrupt weather changes, alcohol, certain foods, skipping meals, etc.

27
Q

Treatment - Migraine Headaches

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ergot alkaloids, SSRIs, SSRI agonists, beta blockers.
Thermal biofeedback and autogenic training.

28
Q

Hypertension - Types:

A

Primary Hypertension (Essential Hypertension):
Cause unknown, often asymptomatic.
Risk factors include obesity, tobacco use, excessive salt intake, stress, etc.
Treatment includes lifestyle changes and medication.
Secondary Hypertension:
Due to a known disease.

29
Q

Hypertension - Treatment

A

Medication such as diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors.
Lifestyle changes, including biofeedback or relaxation training.

30
Q

Endocrine Disorders

A

Thyroid Disorders:
Hyperthyroidism:
Hypothyroidism:

31
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Symptoms: Increased metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, etc.

32
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Symptoms: Decreased metabolism, weight gain, slowed heart rate, cold intolerance, depression, etc.

33
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Function: Regulates water excretion in urine.
Central Diabetes Insipidus:
Cause: Low levels of ADH due to tumor, infection, stroke, pituitary surgery, etc.
Symptoms: Frequent and excessive urination, extreme thirst, dehydration, constipation, weight loss, low blood pressure.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Kidneys fail to respond to ADH

34
Q

Pancreas and Blood Glucose Balance

A

Insulin: Regulates blood glucose levels.
Hypoglycemia:
Cause: Excess insulin, skipping meals, excessive alcohol consumption, liver disorders, adrenal and pituitary gland disorders.
Symptoms: Nervousness, shaking, sweating, hunger, dizziness, confusion, weakness, sleepiness, blurred vision, tingling, headaches, irregular heartbeat, seizures, loss of consciousness.

35
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type 1 Diabetes:
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.
Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition, viral infections.
Type 2 Diabetes:
Insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.
Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, age, certain racial/ethnic groups.

36
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes

A

Extreme hunger and thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, numbness or tingling in hands or feet, frequent infections.

37
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Neurological Diagnostic Tests

A

Purpose: Measures brain’s electrical activity.
Procedure: Small electrodes placed on scalp record brain activity.
Output: Activity shown as wavy lines on graph paper or computer screen.

38
Q

Applications
Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Identify changes in brain activity in response to stimuli.
Aid in diagnosis of seizure disorders, brain injuries, tumors, and sleep disorders.
Confirm brain death.

39
Q

NEBA
Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

FDA-approved tool to diagnose ADHD in 6 to 17-year-olds by assessing theta and beta brain wave ratio.

40
Q

Limitation
Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Indicates activity in brain areas, not single neurons.

41
Q

Microelectrode Techniques
Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Measure single neuron activity, primarily used in research and movement disorder surgeries.

42
Q

Structural Techniques

A

Purpose: Identify structural changes in the brain.

43
Q

Structural Techniques - Types

A

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan): Provides rapid images using X-rays.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Produces detailed 3D images without ionizing radiation.

44
Q

Structural Techniques - Advantages

A

CT Scan: Cost-effective, faster, does not require long periods of patient immobility.
MRI: Detailed images, detects microhemorrhages, contusions, and gliosis without radiation.

45
Q

Functional Techniques - Purpose

A

Assess brain structure and activity.

46
Q

Types - Functional Techniques

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Uses radiotracers to measure brain activity.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): Measures brain activity with radiotracers.
Functional MRI (fMRI): Utilizes magnetic fields and radio waves.

47
Q

Applications - Functional Techniques

A

PET and SPECT: Measure regional cerebral blood flow, blood volume, oxygen consumption, or glucose metabolism.
fMRI: Provides detailed images of brain activity.

48
Q
A

Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions