Brain Regions/Functions – Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

Cerebral Cortex Structures

Answer 1

Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

Question 2

Frontal Lobe Structure

Answer 2

Broca’s Area
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
Supplementary Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Primary Motor Cortex

Question 3

Broca’s Area

Answer 3

Located in the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe, responsible for language production. Damage causes Broca’s aphasia, characterized by slow, labored speech primarily consisting of nouns and verbs, impaired repetition, and anomia.

Question 4

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

Answer 4

Controls executive functions such as planning, decision-making, and emotion regulation. Damage results in dysexecutive syndrome, disinhibited syndrome, or apathetic-akinetic syndrome depending on location.

Question 5

Supplementary Motor Cortex

Answer 5

Involved in planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements

Question 6

Premotor Cortex

Answer 6

Executes movements by sending signals to muscles, with damage leading to weakness or paralysis in contralateral muscles.

Question 7

Temporal Lobe Structure

Answer 7

Auditory Cortex
Wernicke’s Area

Question 8

Auditory Cortex

Answer 8

Processes sound, with damage potentially causing auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, or cortical deafness.

Question 9

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 9

Major language area located in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere, responsible for language comprehension. Damage results in Wernicke’s aphasia, characterized by impaired comprehension, repetition, and anomia.

Question 10

Parietal Lobe Structure

Answer 10

Somatosensory Cortex

Question 11

Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 11

Processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position. Damage can lead to various agnosias, neglect syndromes, or apraxias.

Question 12

Occipital Lobe Structure

Answer 12

Visual Cortex

Question 13

Visual Cortex

Answer 13

Processes visual information, with damage potentially causing visual agnosia, achromatopsia, or cortical blindness.

Question 14

Brain Lateralization

Answer 14

Lateralization of the brain hemispheres refers to a functional dominance of one hemisphere over the other, in which one is more responsible or entirely responsible for control of a function in comparison to the other.

Question 15

Left Hemisphere:
Brain Lateralization

Answer 15

Dominant for language, logical thinking, and positive emotions in the majority of people.

Question 16

Right Hemisphere
Brain Lateralization

Answer 16

Dominant for holistic thinking, intuition, creativity, and negative emotions in a significant portion of individuals.

Question 17

Dominant Hemisphere:
Brain Lateralization

Answer 17

Refers to the hemisphere dominant for language, typically the left hemisphere.

Question 18

Nondominant Hemisphere:
Brain Lateralization

Answer 18

Refers to the hemisphere not dominant for language, usually the right hemisphere.

Question 19

Frontal Lobe
Cerebral Cortex Disorders:

Answer 19

Broca’s Aphasia
Dysexecutive Syndrome
Disinhibited Syndrome
Apathetic-Akinetic Syndrome

Question 20

Temporal Lobe
Cerebral Cortex Disorders:

Answer 20

Wernicke’s Aphasia
Auditory Agnosia
Cortical Deafness

Question 21

Parietal Lobe
Cerebral Cortex Disorders:

Answer 21

Somatosensory Agnosias
Hemispatial Neglect
Ideomotor Apraxia
Ideational Apraxia
Gerstmann’s Syndrome

Question 22

Occipital Lobe
Cerebral Cortex Disorders:

Answer 22

Visual Agnosia
Achromatopsia
Prosopagnosia

Question 23

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 23

Damage to Broca’s area in the frontal lobe results in Broca’s aphasia, characterized by slow, labored speech with impaired repetition and anomia.

Question 24

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 24

Damage to Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe leads to Wernicke’s aphasia, which involves impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, impaired repetition, and anomia. Speech is fluent but contains many word substitutions and errors, lacking meaning.

Question 25

Anomia

Answer 25

Damage to various brain regions, including Wernicke’s area, can result in anomia, an inability to recall the names of familiar objects.

Question 26

Dysexecutive Syndrome

Answer 26

Damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe can lead to dysexecutive syndrome, characterized by deficits in working memory, impaired judgment and insight, lack of planning ability, perseverative responses, and disinterest and apathy.

Question 27

Auditory Agnosia

Answer 27

Damage to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe can result in auditory agnosia, an inability to recognize or comprehend sounds despite intact hearing.

Question 28

Somatosensory Agnosias

Answer 28

Damage to the parietal lobe, particularly the somatosensory cortex, can lead to various somatosensory agnosias, including tactile agnosia (inability to recognize objects by touch).