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Exam 4 Pathology & Disease > Neurologic Diseases > Flashcards

Neurologic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary skeletal muscles

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5
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest

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6
Q

sympathetic division

A

active and alert

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7
Q

Brain trauma clinical signs

A

Aural/oral/oculonasal hemorrhage, seizures, abnormal mentation, shock, cardiac arrhythmias, altered respiratory rate

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8
Q

Diagnoses of brain trauma

A

Clinical signs, history, advanced imaging (CT and MRI)

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9
Q

trauma to the brain often causes

A

increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to edema and/or hemorrhage around the brain

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10
Q

The brain is encased in bone meaning there is no room for

A

swelling

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11
Q

Brain trauma treatment is aimed at controlling

A

clinical signs and decreasing ICP

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12
Q

Idiopathic or old dog vestibular disease

A

an acute disorder of middle-aged to older dogs and cats (not always but usually)

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13
Q

Clinical signs of vestibular disease

A

loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, ataxia, V+, anorexia

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14
Q

Diagnosis of vestibular disease

A

clinical signs, labs and otic exam to rule out inner ear problem, metabolic disorder, infectious or inflammatory disease, neoplasia

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15
Q

Vestibular disease may be

A

central or peripheral

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16
Q

TX for vestibular disease

A

cerenia for motion sickness and treat underlying cause if not idiopathic

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17
Q

Idiopathic Epilepsy

A

recurrent seizures with no demonstrated cause; believed to be hereditary

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18
Q

Breed disposition for idiopathic epilepsy

A

German shepherd, toy poodles, cocker spaniels, beagles, golden retrievers, Irish setters

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19
Q

Idiopathic epilepsy seizures on average begin around

A

1-3 years of age

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20
Q

Pre-ictal phase

A

animals w/ seizures usually have various clinical signs leading up to the seizure event

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21
Q

post ictal phase

A

period of time after seizure when animal may appear slightly disoriented

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22
Q

Work up for seizure patient

A

CBC/CHEM/UA, MRI, CT, CSF tap

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23
Q

Seizures are said to be

A

intracranial or extra cranial

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24
Q

All animals on seizure medications must have

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring done periodically, tx is usually life long

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25
Q

Status epilepticus

A

-a seizure lasting for a prolonged period of time (>5min) -can lead to coma and death -a true emergency

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26
Q

typical signalment for neoplasia

A

geriatric patients

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27
Q

Clinical signs for neoplasia

A

altered mentation, seizures, head tilt, vestibular disease, ataxia

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28
Q

What is required to definitively diagnose neoplasia

A

advanced imaging

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29
Q

tx of neoplasia

A

control clinical signs and maintain QOL; surgery; chemotherapy

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30
Q

One of the most common diseases in veterinary medicine

A

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

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31
Q

IVDD occurs primarily in

A

middle0aged chondrodystrophic breeds (3-6 years)

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32
Q

What is chondrodystrophy

A

a disorder of cartilage formation

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33
Q

Chondrodystrophic dog breeds;

A

dachshund, bulldog, corgi, pug, French bulldog, basset hound, pekinese, shih tzu, poodle

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34
Q

what is IVDD

A

herniation of a diseased disc into the spinal cord causing subsequent inflammation and swelling of spinal nerves

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35
Q

Predisposing factors to IVDD

A

breed disposition, obesity, trauma

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36
Q

Clinical signs of IVDD

A

acute pain, tense abdomen, hunched appearance, paresis or paralysis, absence of deep pain, incontinence

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37
Q

Dx of IVDD

A

hx, clinical signs, rads may reveal a narrow disc space, MRI, myelogram

38
Q

Tx of IVDD

A

medical and surgical

39
Q

IVDD grading in K9

A

-Grade 5: Normal
-Grade 4: cervical or thoracolumbar pain, hyperesthesia
-Grade 3: paresis with decreased proprioception, ambulatory
-Grade 2: severe paresis with absent proprioception, not ambulatory
-Grade 1: Paralysis, decreased or no bladder control, conscious deep pain perception
-Grade 0: paralysis, urinary and fecal incontinence, no deep conscious pain perception

40
Q

When should gradual active be reintroduced after IVDD

A

4-6 weeks

41
Q

V-slot technique allows

A

direct access to the extruded disk material and direct visualization of the affected spinal cord

42
Q

Major disadvantage of V-slot technique

A

potential for hemorrhage associated with laceration of the census sinuses

43
Q

Most common surgical treatment for thoracolumbar disc disease

A

hemilaminectomy

44
Q

fenestration procedure

A

prevents further extrusions by the removal of the nucleus from the offending disk and other discs which can rupture is sometimes performed in breeds with a high incidence of repeat disc extrusions

45
Q

Bladder management prevents

A

UTI’s, over distention, urine scalding

46
Q

Nursing care for spinal cord injuries

A

Bladder expressed ever 6-8 hours, clean environment to prevent decubital ulceration (pressure sores), frequent turning, closely monitor skin

47
Q

The prognosis for functional recovery is good for dogs with grade

A

2,3, and 4 lesions

48
Q

In dogs with grade 0 lesions that are treated within - hours of onset, the animal has a chance of making a functional recovery

A

24-48

49
Q

Clinical presentation and tx of trauma to the spinal cord is similar to

A

IVDD

50
Q

The atlas

A

the first bone in the neck (C1)

51
Q

The axis

A

second bone in the neck (C2)

52
Q

In several toy breeds, the _ is malformed

A

dens

53
Q

Clinical signs for Atlantoaxial Subluxation (AA Lux)

A

neck pain, abnormal head positions, head tilt, holding head down, ataxic, paralysis, sudden death

54
Q

Best long term tx for AA lux

A

surgical stabilization of C1 and C2 joint. Surgery involves fusing the atlas to the axis with surgical screws and bone cement

55
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy aka

A

Wobbler’s Disease

56
Q

Etiology of wobblers disease

A

malformation or misarticulating of the caudal cervical vertebrae (C5-C7)

57
Q

What is Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (wobblers disease)

A

a disease of the cervical spine that is commonly seen inlarge and giant breed dogs and horses characterized by compression of the spinal cord and/or nerve roots which leads to neurological signs and/or neck pain

58
Q

The term wobbler syndrome is used to describe the

A

characteristic wobbly gait that affected animals have

59
Q

For dogs there are at least _ different types of surgery to treat wobbler syndrome

A

21

60
Q

Etiology of Degenerative Myelopathy

A

diffuse degeneration of the white matter in the spinal cord

61
Q

What is Degenerative Myelopathy

A

a chronic, progressive disease of the spinal cord and ultimately the brain stem and cranial nerves which at its end stage results in complete paralysis and death

62
Q

Clinical signs of Degenerative Myelopathy

A

slowly progressing hind limb paresis, ataxia, muscle atrophy, CP deficits, usually non painful

63
Q

Signalment of Degenerative Myelopathy

A

German Shepherd and GS mixes

64
Q

Etiology of discospondylitis

A

infectious agents become implanted into the bones of the vertebral column

65
Q

Clinical signs of discospondylitis

A

fever, depression, pain, neurologic signs

66
Q

Diagnosis of discospondylitis

A

x-rays reveal lysis of vertbral endplates and osteophyte formation; urine and blood cultures positive, Brucella Canis slide agglutination

67
Q

Tx of discospondylitis

A

appropriate anti-infective based on C&S; neuter or spay if B.canis

68
Q

Discospoondylitis is not the same as

A

spondylosis deformans

69
Q

Etiology of Fibrocartilaginous Embolism (FCE)

A

ischemia of the spinal cord caused by a fibrocartilaginous emboli that obstructs the veins and arteries

70
Q

Clinical signs of FCE

A

acute onset of neurologic signs with the absence of pain; paresis or paralysis of limbs

71
Q

Tx of FCE

A

steroids, supportive care, rest

72
Q

Px of FCE

A

guarded to good, recovery may take months

73
Q

Conductive deafness

A

secondary to severe otitis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, or damage to middle ear

74
Q

Neural deafness

A

may be hereditary or congenital or secondary to drug toxicity

75
Q

Etiology of metabolic neuropathy

A

metabolic; typically endocrine: diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism

76
Q

Clinical signs of metabolic neuropathy

A

muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, paresis, paralysisv

77
Q

tx of metabolic neuropathy

A

correct underlying disease

78
Q

Laryngeal paralysis (Lar-Par)

A

paralysis of the larynx

79
Q

Etiology of Lar Par

A

Hereditary, Acquired (damage to laryngeal nerve, rabies, lead poisoning), idiopathic

80
Q

Lar Par also referred to as Laryngeal Hemiplegia in

A

Horses

81
Q

Etiology of Laryngeal Hemiplegia in horses

A

damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

82
Q

A condition in cats, dogs, and horses where peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus becomes dilated

A

megaesophagus

83
Q

Etiology of megaesophagus

A

Congenital or acquired

84
Q

Clinical signs of megaesophagus

A

Regurgitation of undigested food, respiratory signs, failure to thrive/poor body condition

85
Q

TX for megaesophagus

A

elevated food platform, meat ball meals, multiple small meals/day, pro-motility drugs, manage aspiration pneumonia

86
Q

Etiology of tick paralysis

A

salivary neurotoxin produced by the female dog tick Ixodes spp. and Dermacentor spp.

87
Q

Clinical signs of tick paralysis

A

gradual hind-limb incoordination that progresses to a flaccid paralysis; ticks on dog

88
Q

Coonhound paralysis

A

A rarely occurring medical condition in dogs that is caused by the bite of a raccoon.

89
Q

Medical term for coonhound paralysis

A

polyradiculoneuritis

90
Q

Client communication for coonhound paralysis

A

dogs are bed ridden until they can function on their own, during this period muscle loss occurs, making recovery ling. Physiotherapy is needed to keep the muscles active

Exam 4 Pathology & Disease (5 decks)

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