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Exam 4 Pathology & Disease > Endocrine Disease > Flashcards

Endocrine Disease Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is the collection of glands that

A

produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood, among other things

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2
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

impaired production and secretion of the thyroid hormones, resulting in a decreased metabolic rate

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3
Q

Clinical signs hypothyroidism

A

weight gain with no change in diet, PU/PD, tragic expression, leathery, recurrent skin and ear infections, bilaterally symmetric alopecia

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4
Q

Signalment for hypothyroidism

A

middle aged to older dogs; breeds: golden retriever’s, dobermans, cocker spaniels

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5
Q

Diagnosis of hypothyroidism

A

elevated CHOL, decreased thyroid hormones (T3/T4), increased TSH

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6
Q

Diagnosis of equine hypothyroidism

A

serum thyroid levels are not routinely done, typically response to Tx is done

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7
Q

Equine hypothyroidism clinical signs

A

Foals: weakness, incoordination, signs of dysmaturity, poor muscle development, enlarged gland

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8
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

a disorder resulting from excessive thyroid hormone; though functional benign enlargement (adenoma) is most common (98%), thyroid carcinoma (cancer) is another cause (2%)

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9
Q

Signalment for hyperthyroidism

A

middle aged to older cats

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10
Q

Clinical signs hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, poor hair coat, rapid heart hate, voracious appetite or thirst, anxiety of nervousness, diarrhea or vomiting, and voacalizing

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11
Q

Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

A

lump or mass in the neck detected during PE; elevated levels of thyroid hormone in the blood

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12
Q

Cure rate for radioactive iodide of hyperthyroidism

A

95-98% with one treatment

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13
Q

Goiter

A

an enlargement of the thyroid gland

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14
Q

Cause of goiter in small ruminants

A

iodine deficiency

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Clinical signs for thyroid disease in small ruminants

A

poor wool/hair, dry skin, enlarged thyroid, tendon laxity, reproductive failure

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17
Q

Diabetes mellitus occurs when

A

the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin

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18
Q

Insulin is required for the body to

A

efficiently use sugars, fats and proteins

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19
Q

Etiology of diabetes mellitus

A

animals that are overweight or those with inflammation of the pancreas are predisposed to developing diabetes

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20
Q

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

A

serum chemistry reveals elevated BG, UA reveals glucosurla (+/- ketonuria)

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21
Q

Without insulin,

A

sugar accumulates in the blood and spills into the urine

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22
Q

Sugar in the urine causes the pet to

A

pass large amounts of urine and to drink lots of water

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23
Q

Two major forms of diabetes in the dog and cat

A

Uncomplicated diabetes and diabetes with ketoacidosis

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24
Q

Diabetic pets with ketoacidosis are very

A

ill and may be vomiting and depressed

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25
Ketoacidotic diabetics are treated with
IV fluids and rapid acting insulin. Tx is continued until the pet is no longer vomiting and is eating, then the tx is the same as for uncomplicated diabetes
26
Tx of diabetes mellitus
insulin injections every 12 hours (with meals), dietary management, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) e.g. Freestyle Libre
27
Insulin should always be given
simultaneously or just after a meal
28
When blood sugar level drops it can affect
neurological function. disorientation, tremors and coma may occur.
29
Signs of hypoglycemia
loss of appetite, extreme lethargy, lack of coordination, trembling, muscle twitching, weakness, seizures, and discoloration of skin and gums
30
Pets should have a blood glucose curve done _ _ after starting insulin then as recommended by DVM
2 weeks
31
What is insulinoma
a functional tumor involving B-cells of the pancreas. This causes an over-secretion of insulin
32
Clinical signs of insulinoma
sever hypoglycemia, low BG; abdominal u/s reveals pancreatic tumor
33
Prognosis for insulinoma
extremely poor even with aggressive tx
34
Disease of the adrenal glands
hypoadrenocorticism and hyperadrenocorticism
35
Hypoadrenocorticism aka
Addison's disease
36
Addison's disease is a deficiency in
the production of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids
37
What are mineralocorticoids
hormones responsible for regulating the levels of electrolytes in the body
38
Signalment for Addison's disease
middle-aged dogs usually females; breeds: poodles, labradors
39
Clinical signs of Addison's disease
vague, ADR, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotension, dehydration
40
Dx for Addison's disease
Na:K <27:1, non regenerative anemia, elevated BUN/Crea/Ca, decreased BG/Albumin
41
Definitive dx for Addison's disease
ACTH stimulation test (low resting cortisol that remains unchanged after ACTH stimulation
42
Tx of Addison's disease
acute crisis management, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid replacement, monitor electrolytes, BUN/Crea, clinical signs
43
Hyperadrenocorticism aka
Cushing's disease
44
What is Cushing's disease
the overproduction of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands
45
Etiology of hyperadrenocorticism
pituitary dependent, adrenal tumors, iatrogenic
46
Signalment for Cushing's disease
PDH: dogs < 20kg Adrenal: dogs > 20kg
47
Clinical signs of Cushing's disease
PU/PD, bilateral flank alopecia, polyphasic, excessive panting, pendulous abdomen, calcinosis cutis, recurrent skin infections, lethargy
48
Diagnosis of Cushing's disease
elevated ALP/ALT, thrombocytosis, elevated BG, lipemia, elevated urine cortisol, low dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDS), ACTH stimulation test
49
Most common cause of Cushing's disease is a tumor of the
pituitary gland
50
Cushing's disease may be the result of a benign of malignant tumor of the
adrenal glands
51
Iatrogenic cushing;s disease
excessive cortisol from prolonged use of steroids
52
Result of cushings disease
increased appetite, weight gain, PU/PD, excessive panting, bilaterally symmetrical flank alopecia, recurrent skin infections, chronic UTI's, diabetes
53
Specific testing to confirm cushings disease
low dose dexamethasone suppression test and ACTH stimulation test
54
Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test usually takes _ _, if there is a pituitary tumor, the gland will
8 hours; not shut off its stimulatory message and ignores the dexamethasone. No drop in cortisol level is seen at the end of 8 hours
55
ACTH stim test requires _ hours
1-2
56
In ACTH test,
a dose of ACTH is given to the patient. If a larger than expected rise in cortisol levels is measured in 1-2 hours, we may diagnose Cushing's syndrome
57
When would we run the ACTH stimulation test?
it is the only test that can be used if the iatrogenic form of Cushing's disease is suspected. This test is used to monitor tx of Cushing's disease
58
A screening test for Cushing's disease; a positive test here does not confirm Cushing's disease but a negative test DOES rule it out
Urine cortisol: Creatinine ratio
59
Trilostane inhibits an enzyme that is needed in the production of
cortisol,
60
Why must we perform ACTH stimulation test periodically when using Trilostane?
this drug along with Lysodren has the potential to cause a life-threatening Addisonian crisis if cortisol levels go too low
61
Risk of not treating Cushing's disease
euthanasia (due to urinating in house), problems regulating diabetes mellitus, thromboembolism, increased incidence of infections, systemic hypertension, glomerular nephropathy
62
Pathology of equine cushing's
hypertrophy of the pituitary resulting in an increased dopamine production and an increase in ACTH which increased the cortisol levels
63
Clinical signs of equine cushings
long, shaggy coat, lethargy, sweating, PU/PD, recurrent laminitis, recurrent infections
64
The parathyroid glands control
the calcium in our bodies- how much calcium in our bones and blood
65
The most important element in our body
calcium
66
Primary hyperparathyroidism
excessive production of PTH which results in the over production of calcium. Usually caused by the presence of a parathyroid adenoma or adenocarcinoma but may be caused by hyperplasia
67
What causes nutritional (secondary_ hyperparathyroidism
problem with the Ca:P ratio in the feed; animals grazing pasture contain calcium oxalate pastures
68
Clinical signs of nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism
intermittent shifting leg lameness, loose teeth, spontaneous fractures, enlarged facial bones
69
Eclampsia (puerperal tetany or postpartum hypocalcemia)
a secondary hypocalcemia
70
Predisposing factors for eclampsia
improper perinatal nutrition, heavy lactation, inappropriate calcium supplementation
71
Clinical signs of eclampsia
hyperthermia, salivation, muscle fasciculations, seizures
72
Tx for eclampsia
slow IV infusion of calcium gluconate 10%, tx any seizures, diet change
73
Prevention of eclampsia
do not supplement Ca++ during pregnancy but feed high quality diet after parturition (puppy food)
74
Hypocalcemia (milk fever) in cattle
parturient paresis is an acute to parachute, afebrile, flaccid paralysis of mature dairy cows that occurs most commonly at or soon after parturition.

Exam 4 Pathology & Disease (5 decks)

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