Neurolocalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Horner Syndrome, and what are its classic symptoms?

A

Horner Syndrome is a condition caused by disruption of the sympathetic nerves to the eye, characterized by ptosis (droopy eyelid), miosis (small pupil), and sometimes anhidrosis (lack of sweating)​

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2
Q

What are the clinical findings in a T1 root or lower brachial plexus lesion?

A

Findings include ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, wasting in the 1st interosseus space, weakness of finger extension and abduction, and sensory loss in the forearm​

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3
Q

Describe the three sensory inputs essential for balance.

A

Balance relies on proprioception, vision, and vestibular input. If one is compromised (e.g., proprioception), two others are needed to maintain balance

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4
Q

What is the Romberg test, and what does a positive result indicate?

A

The Romberg test assesses balance by having a person stand with eyes closed. A positive Romberg sign indicates a problem with proprioception or vestibular function​

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5
Q

What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), and what are its hallmark features?

A

GBS is a post-infectious, often ascending peripheral neuropathy that presents with numbness, absent reflexes, and weakness. It can lead to respiratory failure and arrhythmias if severe​

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6
Q

How is voluntary gaze controlled, and what structure mediates this?

A

Voluntary gaze is initiated in the frontal eye fields and mediated by the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) in the pons, coordinating lateral gaze​

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7
Q

: What are some causes of dorsal column involvement leading to proprioception and vibration loss?

A

Conditions affecting the dorsal column include B12 deficiency, syphilis, and copper deficiency​

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8
Q

In which conditions might we see absent reflexes with no upper motor neuron (UMN) signs?

A

Absent reflexes with no UMN signs typically indicate peripheral nervous system pathology, such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome​

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9
Q

Why do patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome often not exhibit muscle wasting despite lower motor neuron signs?

A

In GBS, muscle wasting is typically absent due to the acute nature of the demyelinating process before significant atrophy occurs​

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